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Topics of exercise terminal for the second composition

Subject: "Yes, yes a thousand times poetry is a cry but cry dressed" said Max Jacob. Poetry is
withdrawal, rebellion, commitment, but thanks to the ingenuity, technique and style of the poet, it all looks to covertly hidden.

Topic: "When he's not a dream, the novel is a lie" Gracq.
The novel is a work from imagination, and as such, it is synonymous with dreaming, and sometimes dream, so we are in the field of illusion, the unreality of the fiction, lie. Lie, claiming that because the reality and truth, the novel does not say everything, and can tell more lies which is in all cases.

Topic: "The theater is a point of view. Everything that exists in history, in life, in man, all should and can reflect them under the wand of the writer "
Because that's life is dramatized, as the show is a particular world view, history and a vision for the playwright. There is the divine function of the playwright.

Subject: "The man is bored (...) that's why he goes to the theater"
We go to theater to release stress, forget the serious problems of life by attending the entertainment, celebration. Way out to escape the vicissitudes of life. The lessons of these pieces and help us endure the troubles and overcome them, to forget.

Subject: Comment on and discuss this ruling Camus: "The real fictional creation uses the real and only use it with its warmth and blood, his passions and his cries. It simply adds something which transforms. "

The experience - the experience and the true feelings - is the starting point of the stories of novels. The novel reflects the pace of society, criticism, relieves their pain
But the complete fiction that reality, it makes it complete, because the truth is naked, imperfect, incomplete

Topic: "What seek novelists through the realities they are trying to expose?
Explain, explain, justify or fact (s), the true face of the world. Elucidate their personal feelings, relieve himself of a burden of conscience, to confess to the other, drives (example: memoirs and autobiographies).

Subject "Poets are often inspired by their travels. Is this still the real journey that is their favorite subject? "
Two types of travel, travel real physical poet is inspiring (example: Du Bellay" Heureux qui comme Ulysse made a nice trip "Senghor's poem" New York ", Cesaire 'return to homeland ") imaginary journey as an escape, escape (Lamartine, Apollinaire, etc.).

Topic:" Art is not reality but what we can do we have to go through the elements it provides "
The artwork is already present in the actual work, which contains its elements. The artist is one who can see the real object or subject matter of a work art. Art is not an ornament but an instrument. Before then we must create and build the work s'impreigner

quotes in support :

"Writing is still denied the elevator as Albert Camus

" A work of art is a corner of creation seen through a temperament "Emile Zola

"Every work of art is a beautiful lie" Stendhal

"The work of art is an idea that exaggerates Andre Gide

" Art is an anti-destiny Andre Malraux
"The People," is a state of consciousness of the author, which extends, by a miracle of poetry in the sympathy of many readers. "André Malraux

" The Art for art is beautiful but art for progress is even more beautiful "Victor Hugo

" The purpose of art is above all the beautiful "Gustave Flaubert

" The only area where the divine is visible is the art, some want to call it "Charles Baudelaire

" Great artists are those that require the humanity their particular illusion "Guy de Maupassant

" The only writer who is committed, without refusing the fight, refusing to join the regular armed Jean Paul Sartre

"The art of the novel is whether lie "Louis Aragon

" When he's not a dream, the novel is a lie Julien Gracq

"Literature is the meeting place of two souls" Charles Du Bos

"I call a missed book, a book that leaves the reader untouched Andre Gide


It says the desire for unity and men think that the novel can find this unit.
"The fictional world is that the correction of this world, following the deep desire of man." Camus, The Rebel (1951)

What To Wear To A Sorority Initiation

2008 Study The Scapin by Molière

Introduction

This comedy in three acts and in prose was created at the Royal Palace 24 May 1671. She follows in the tradition of Italian comedy of the commedia dell 'arte in which Molière has excelled in his early career with the Stunned in 1655, and comes in the wake of major parts such as Tartuffe In 1664, Dom Juan in 1665 and The Misanthrope in 1666). It knows when it is created with little success. It is then alleged to Molière's comic vulgarity of its processes and immorality of the subject and the exaggeration of characters characters.

I. Characters

Scapin Valet of Leander. It is a very cunning and deceitful character. It was always an idea to resolve a situation. (Hypocritical and devious)
Jack Sylvestre
Octave Octave son of Hyacinthe Argante and lover. Son of Leander
Geronte and lover Zerbinette
Hyacinthe Girl Geronte and lover Octavian
Zerbinette An Egyptian, later recognized Argante daughter and lover of Leander
Argante Father Octave and Zerbinetta
Geronte Father of Leander and HYACINTHA
Nerine Nurse HYACINTHA
Carle A character also disingenuous

II. Abstract

Octave afraid, because he has learned from his servant that his father Sylvester Argante and Geronte, the father of his friend Leander, returning from a trip with the intention to marry the daughter of Gerontius.
Octave Gold fell in love with Hyacinthe, a very poor girl whom he met while accompanying Leander with his beloved, the beautiful Egyptian Zerbinetta.
Then Carle's character enters the scene. He informed that the Leander Zerbinette Egyptians kidnapped him and they want a ransom of five hundred pistols. Leander is desperate.
Both fathers learn to love their son and are very angry. Octave and Leandre go seek help from their most treacherous servant Scapin. To convince
Argante to accept the marriage of Hyacinthe and Octavian, he tells her that her son was married by force by the family of his wife. Argante wants to sue the alleged family to break the marriage. To prevent this, Scapin invents the character of the cruel brother Hyacinthe, who would not hesitate to defend his honor by dueling with swords. Scapin claim on behalf of the so-called brother the sum of two hundred pistols to cancel the wedding. To steal that money, he impresses Argante passing Sylvester dressed for the brother of the bride. Frightened, the old man claims to be his own enemy.
To obtain the amount necessary to release Zerbinette Leander, he deceives Geronte, into believing that his son was abducted by a Turkish galley. He says the occupants of the boat to call the young man's father five hundred pistols. But Geron is stingy and only after many negotiations he agreed to entrust the precious money Scapin. However
Scapin Geronte wants to punish his ingratitude towards his son Leander. He said that the alleged brother Hyacinthe research to kill him because he wants to replace the young woman by her own daughter with Octave. Simulating the arrival of man, he hides in a large bag Geronte and the wheel moves, miming a struggle.
Geronte Zerbinette meeting who, without knowing to whom it is addressed, he reveals the secret of his release. Argante also discovers the deception. Both want to punish their Scapin have played a bad round and to have swindled money.
Geronte decides to bring her daughter to Taranto where he was kept out in order to marry Octavian. Now it disappeared, and only his nurse Nerine is the rendezvous. She tells her daughter Geronte married without the consent of his father to a young man named Octave.
Hyacinthe Geronte meet. She defends with the old man because of Zerbinetta she became friends. Argante Zerbinette arrives and recognizes her own daughter kidnapped during his childhood by the Egyptians.
While a moment ago, the two fathers thought only punish Scapin's trick, Carle enters new stage and announced that Scapin is seriously injured. It is followed closely by the valet brought by two men. Scapin that fakes his death from an accident to rescue the forgiveness of old: his head is surrounded by a bandage and he screams and suffering that kills head will die. Faced with this turn of events, forgive him all his tricks.

III. Abstract deed

Act I .

Scene 1: Octave Sylvester learns that his father is back and intends to marry.
Scene 2: Octave in Scapin tells that in the absence of his father, he married Hyacinthe and his friend Leander, son of Gerontius, fell in love with a young Egyptian.
Scene 3: Octave and implore Hyacinthe Scapin their help. Scapin agrees.
Scene 4: Single face Argante Scapin defends the cause of Octave. Argante but remains determined to have the marriage annulled.
Scene 5: Scapin told Sylvester that he has a plan. Scots must disguise himself as a "bad boy".

Act II.

Scene 1: Geronte Argante learns that his own son, Leander, misbehaved.
Scene 2: Geronte meets his son Leander who defends awkwardly.
Scene 3: Leander insisting he confessed his crime, Scapin admits three crimes, but innocent of that which declares is charged.
Scene 4: Leander Carle announcement that he must pay a ransom to avoid losing Zerbinetta. Desperate, Leander then implores the help of Scapin.
Scene 5: Scapin begins Argante. He invents a brother Hyacinthe, bully, who would agree to see her sister's marriage annulled if he has two hundred piastres. Argante refuses.
Scene 6: There comes a bully himself - Sylvester disguise. Argante gives two hundred piastres.
Scene 7: Scapin then attacks Geronte. He tells her that her son has been kidnapped by the Turks, who never pay restitution against a ransom of five hundred crowns. Gerontius relented.
Scene 8: Scapin and Leander Octave finds and announces that it has accomplished its mission.

Act III.

Scene 1: Zerbinette Hyacinthe and discuss the status of women, but Scapin separates the group to go to taste the pleasure of his revenge.
Scene 2: Scapin suggests Geronte to escape the wrath of the bully hiding in a bag. The valet beaten his master, but it discovered the treachery, he must flee.
Scene 3: Zerbinette tells Geronte, it ignores the identity, how Scapin stole his money.
Scene 4: Sylvestre Zerbinette reveals the identity of the man she has just spoken.
Scene 5: After Gerontius, Argante expresses its intention to avenge the trickery which he suffered.
Scene 6: Argante and Geronte reaffirm their resentment. The torments of Gerontius also the fear that her daughter had perished in a shipwreck.
Scene 7: Nerine, the nurse of Hyacinthe, Geronte explains that under the pressure of events, she has just married the girl ... Octave!
Scene 8: Sylvester Scapin informs the latest developments of the situation and warns him.
Scene 9: Gerontius is glad to find her daughter.
Scene 10: Argante tells Octavian's daughter Geronte we wanted him to marry none other than Hyacinthe. But Geron continues to oppose the marriage of Leander with Zerbinetta.
Scene 11: Argante Zerbinette recognizes his own daughter.
Scene 12: Carle announces Scapin has been the victim of a fatal accident.
Scene 13: It's actually a new cunning that allows the valet to pull the forgiveness Argante and Geronte.

IV. Themes

V. The techniques of comic

accessories used to make people laugh are simple: a purse, bag, a stick.
1. The situation comedy: The "turn the bag" is often used in the commedia dell'arte, whose servant Scapin (Scappino Italian) is derived. Scapin revenge for Geronte use the ruse that is to imitate the voice of imaginary enemies to fight and deceive with impunity Geronte, maintained, blind and helpless, in a bag.
It gives both the role of the devoted servant and that of criminal. Geronte also takes his role with docility in this masquerade he is the victim

2. The comic gestures: The stage directions describe not only games but also the scenes changes Scapin voice takes turns a Gascon accent, a Swiss accent (the transcript gives an idea of the comic effect to be drawn from this cartoon), and the voice of "several people together." Scapin mime aloud the enemies of Gerontius, or pretends to address them, and whisper, addressing the old man. And the comic is the humiliation of Gerontius (it is not only beaten but insulted l. 3 "Sti Gironte Devil") under the knowing eye of the beholder. The staging of the illusionist Scapin thus offers us a stage in the theater, especially as Geronte observed at the end of the stage as the audience, the armory of the valet.

3. The comedy of repetition: Repetition is often Scapin speaking to his master, the same expressions are called: ("Beware," an act scene 1 and Act I. Scene I. 25; "Hide yourself well, act l. stage 3 and stage 30).
A dramatic turn of events puts an end to the deceit of Scapin which otherwise, would probably still continued. The virtuosity of an actor, so brilliant it is, has its limits: Molière knows he must stay within the framework of probability.

4. The deceiver deceived Scapin first appears as a character Almighty. His triumph is illusory, however, short-term: the deceiver is deceived in Act I. The reversal causes a new comic effect (it also easily imagine the contrast between the comic agility Scapin and the silhouette of the tired old fogy). Gerontius was the correction that he deserved (he lied to Leander on behalf of Scapin) but propriety demanded that the master, everything is ridiculous he finds his dignity master and punishes the servant for his insolence.

Conclusion



difficult Glossary

Deception: deceit, deception, artifice to fool someone
Entourloupe: tricks, traps, clever.
Deceiver: hypocritical and cunning, capable of playing dirty tricks to fool people.
Fourberies: false, dissimulation, hypocrisy.

Lacunar Stroke More Condition_symptoms

Study Andromache Jean Racine

Introduction

Again in Greek tragedy, which was inspired by Racine, the fatal passion back, and it prevents due to take over. After the fall of Troy, Menelaus offers his daughter Hermione to Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, to reward the active part he had taken to rid the city. Pirro, meanwhile fallen in love with Andromache, his captive, rejects marriage and decides to brave the Greek by marrying the widow of Hector (Trojan hero that his father was killed in a duel). These situations are almost inextricable love, plus the political question is central to the problem. The study of this piece can then comprise a part of Greek mythology, and especially after the famous Trojan War. The characters, the summary, the themes are all important parts that may present to explain the importance of this third part tragic Andromache published in 1667.

I. History of mythology

Andromache was the daughter of Eétion king of Thebes Troy, she became the wife of Hector. Achilles killed his father and his seven brothers in the siege of Thebes and his mother heavily ransomed.
During the siege of Troy, she sensed the impending death of her husband who was actually killed by Achilles. After the fall of Troy, despite his protection, his only son, Astyanax, was killed by the Greeks who feared that once an adult, he cherchât to avenge his family as predicted Calchas.
She was taken as captive by Pyrrhus who was the son Achilles. She became his concubine and gave her three son. Then Pyrrhus married Hermione, daughter of Helen and Menelaus, but they had no children. Then, as the poet Euripides, Andromache Hermione became jealous and accused of witchcraft to make her sterile.
She even took advantage of the absence of her husband to try to kill her with the help of her father. But thanks to the intervention Peleus, grandfather of Pyrrhus and father of the murderer of her family, she had survived. Andromache married Helenus
then, the Trojan seer and son of Priam, but as the story of Virgil's Aeneid, they were already married when Pyrrhus married Hermione. Andromache and Helenus founded the town called Pergamum in memory of the citadel of Troy. That's where they greeted Aeneas when he made a stop in Epirus. Died when Helenus, Andromache and his son founded a new Bergamos Pergamum in Mysia.

II Presentation of characters

is a Trojan princess Andromache, Hector's widow and mother of Astyanax. To save his son's death, she substitutes another child who was killed in his place during the fall of Troy. She is then given as a share of the spoils at Pyrrhus. He falls in love with her but she still refuses its advances until he threatens to deliver his son to the Greeks if they do not marry her. She finally marries. It is still faithful to Hector and dignified.
Cephisus is the confidante of Andromache.
Astyanax was the son of Hector and Andromache, a prisoner of Pyrrhus and heir to the empire of Troy.
Orestes is the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. He is cursed by the family of Atreus. He is in love with Hermione and comes at a time to convince her to follow him and ask for Andromache and her son to deliver them to the Greeks. He is desperate to reclaim the love of Hermione and has a side manipulator.
Pylades is a confidant of Orestes, it helps to overcome obstacles and reasoning. It is a pillar of his life.
Pyrrhus is the son of Achilles who murdered the family of Andromache. He is king of Epirus. He has to marry Hermione, but he is in love with the wife Andromache and thereafter. It is neither good nor bad, he does not know what he wants and he is a bit violent. He was murdered by Orestes who executes the will of Hermione.
Phoenix is the governor of Pyrrhus.
Hermione is the only daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was first betrothed to Orestes, but promised his father Pyrrhus is infatuated with her. Proud to pride, jealous of the glory of Andromache, she is humiliated by the contempt and the felony of Pyrrhus loves it naively. The violence of his anger at the extent of his anger causes him to handle Orestes to achieve his ends.
confidante Cleone is Hermione.
Menelaus, husband and father of Hermione Helen
Phoenix: Governor of Achilles, Pyrrhus then

III. General summary of the plot

the aftermath of the Trojan War, Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, is sent by the Greeks at the court of King of Epirus, Pyrrhus. He is charged with two prisoners claim: Andromache and her son Astyanax, the only descendant of Hector who may one day avenge his father and the destruction of Troy.
fell in love with his captive, Pyrrhus refuses to accede to the request of Orestes. As she refuses his advances, he threatens to deliver Astyanax if it continues not to marry. Now Orestes plays double game: he came primarily to bring with him the woman he loves, Hermione, daughter of Helen, which she has eyes only for Pyrrhus.
When Andromache, yielding to blackmail, accepts the marriage, Hermione, mad with jealousy, she warns Orestes will follow if he kills Pyrrhus. King of Argos runs. But when he reports to her Hermione act, it reacts violently and banished him from her presence. The reason of Orestes finally can not resist the story of the suicide of Hermione on the body of Pyrrhus.

IV. Abstract deed

The plot is simple: Orestes loves Hermione, who loves Pyrrhus, who loves Andromache who loves Hector, who is dead. The scene is
Buthrote, city of Epirus, Greece.

Act 1 - Orestes, the Greek ambassador, received from Pyrrhus, finds a faithful friend, Pylades. It comes in the name of Greece to come to require that Pyrrhus put to death Astyanax, Hector's son, lest he wants to one day avenge the defeat of Troy and the death of his father Hector , Prince of Troy. Pyrrhus refuses for the moment. But Orestes is also at the court of Pyrrhus, because the love of her life, Hermione is there. Pyrrhus then speaks Andromache, as she refuses him once more, he threatened to deliver Astyanax Greeks.
Act 2 - Orestes talks to Hermione. She also wants to go with him if Pyrrhus refuses to kill the child. Now Pyrrhus, who previously did not like Hermione to Orestes announces that it has decided to give him Astyanax Greeks and he'll probably marry Hermione.
Act 3 - Orestes is furious at losing definitely Hermione. Andromache pleads successively Hermione and Pyrrhus to save the life of his son. Pyrrhus is ready to change their minds if she agrees to marry him Andromache hesitates.
Act 4 - Andromache is determined to marry Pyrrhus to save his son and killed himself soon after by loyalty to Hector. Hermione is furious and asks Orestes to avenge reversals of Pyrrhus in the assassination.
Act 5 - Hermione regrets having demanded the death of Pyrrhus, she loves. Occurs Orestes: he has just accomplished the mission with which it has loaded. Hermione rewarded with insults. Orestes is running amok, struck by the curse of the Erinyes horrible. After repelling Orestes, Hermione kills himself on the corpse of Pyrrhus.

V. Themes

Love and hate are two themes are profoundly linked. Racine, love is passion, suffering, both for those who love for the beloved. Everyone loves that do not like: Orestes loves Hermione; it loves it loves Pyrrhus and Andromache. But it can not respond to his love, because her husband was killed by the father of Pyrrhus, Achilles.
love heroes is as strong as their frustration because they can not be loved in return. At Hermione, love is intimately linked to self-esteem. This causes the anger, jealousy and hatred that destroys and his entourage: Orestes kills Pyrrhus. The only love "pure" is that maternal love is to Andromache Astyanax.
fate. Racine's characters are not masters of their destiny, they carry with them. They sometimes reject as Orestes any responsibility for the Gods.
Fidelity is represented by Andromache that remains faithful to her late husband. This loyalty conflicts with the desire to save his son. It is indeed torn between her love for Hector and the threat of Pyrrhus who wants to kill her son if she did not marry her.
Madness. In Andromache, all the characters suffer and pathological behaviors: Hermione has a bloody rage; Orestes to kill Pyrrhus and will sink into total madness learning Hermione's suicide (Read Act V, scene 1, Hermione alone.)
Death is present throughout the tragedy. It serves as a backdrop: the death of Hector and massacre of the Trojans. It also constitutes action: Orestes comes to ask the death of Astyanax and Andromache wishes to commit suicide to save his son. Finally, the outcome is marked by the murder of Pyrrhus and Hermione's suicide.

Conclusion


Glossary difficult

Pathological : behavior of patients
Frustration: the anger, the fact of not being happy.

Optical Migraine More Condition_symptoms

study the old negro and the medal of Ferdinand Oyono

Introduction

The old negro and medal published in 1956 is a kind of extension of Une vie de boy. In it the narrator-hero is a naïve African Child, in this one, the hero, Meka, is an adult and still naive victim of the duplicity of the whites. This novel published during the decolonization is thus strongly included in its context which earned him his deserved success. It is therefore interesting to capture the interest is still very present when we talk about the guns and their compensation, repair, memory, forgiveness for all that the white man has done to African people. Oyono life as we know, has been an influence in his work. From it to understand the text appears to be an obligatory path. As a result, after explaining the title, we will summarize the story, and then see the characters, themes, writing and meaning of the work.

I. Life and work of Ferdinand Oyono

1. Presentation of the author

Ferdinand Oyono was born in N'Goulemakong near Ebolowa, Cameroon in 1929. He entered primary school in 1939. Later he worked as a "boy" in the spirit of the missionaries to help his mother. He obtained his primary school certificate, which brings total happiness to his father who learns the news in the newspaper. He then entered the School of Ebolowa before going to France to continue his studies at the college of Provins, where he graduated in 1950. He goes to Paris to pursue courses of the Faculty of Human and Ecole Nationale d'Administration (diplomatic section). Meanwhile, he uses his spare time to write.
He began in 1959 a brilliant career officer before becoming ambassador of Cameroon in various positions (at the United Nations in New York, Algeria, Libya, Britain and Scandinavia ...). In 1987, he participated in many governments of his country and ensures the burden of different departments such as Foreign Affairs or Culture.

2. Works

In the late 50s, Ferdinand Oyono published in French three novels that relate to everyday life in Africa during the colonial era and which, involving both the administration and the police or Church missionaries, will be a scandal in this period of decolonization.
A boy's life, published in 1956, focuses on the character of Joseph, commander of the white boy. There is criticism and demystification of whites whose Travis exposed by the child narrator's story.
Old negro and medal , published in 1956,
Path Europe, published in 1960, tells the more or less exploration of the white world in an African metropolis by a young man who wants to cut its roots and dreams in Europe despite warnings from his father.

II. The meaning as

The title chosen illustrates this spirit of self-deprecating and ironic. The author uses the word "negro" racist pejorative connotation which might seem surprising coming from a black writer in opposition to the term "coin", a term positive, appreciative. Humor and irony are readily present in the title that summarizes the story by that of the novel. The name "old" without the presence of the character in question in the novel shows a commitment to universalizing the author to emphasize the contrast between experience and everything that African generations have done: his life the lives of his children, his property, his heart to win medals but not "a medal". And what a story: Meka will be pummeled the night of the day he received the medal for those who have given him.

III. Abstract

Early in the novel, Meka must visit the captain of his country Dum and he thinks the commander will kill him. But in fact, Meka will receive a medal in recognition of his devotion to France, to be thus "a friend of the whites. . Indeed, his two son are fighting for the French during the Second World War and he gave his land to the Catholic mission. During the presentation of the medal on the day of the French national holiday on July 14, his wife weeping for her son and two. After the cocktail, all blacks become drunk and also called Mr. Varini Gosier-d'Oiseau cleared the room of European homes. In a panic, we forgot and shut the Meka drunk who slept inside. The thunderstorm ravaging the room where Meka left reeling. He loses his medal by going Mami Titi. He was arrested in the night, beaten and mistreated by overzealous police officers before being taken to a prison where he is still humbled by Gosier Bird who was awaiting recognition. During the novel, tries to help Meka White and follows the rules. Meka comes home and plunged the whole family into a stupor causing tears and lamentations. He realizes that he is a slave to white, but it does not try to fight against them because he said with a yawn: "I'm not an old man ... "..

IV. Characters

Apart from the hero and Meka few characters, all the other characters are characters of tenure, figures that populate the novel. Besides, some characters were already present in A Life of boy . They are often "character types" who assume the characters or the sufferings of a class, the natives, whose roles are defined by colonization.
Meka is the hero. It's an old man who made the second world war. Now he lives quietly with his family, even though he lost both his son to war. He offers his land to the Catholic mission and once the new religion. He is loved in the village of Duma and his family who attends the best of times as the worst, as it is when he was mistreated by white police officers.
ago Kelara his wife, who suffers for his lost son, but she is always concerned when whites call her husband. Engamba his wife's brother and his wife Amalia, Mvondo his nephew. His friends and Nti Nua. Mami Titi is in turn a bar on the outskirts of the district native, she is also old. It also
African catechist, Andre Obébé to be expelled from the house when Meka whites have mistreated. The boy and the interpreter who is here an essential intermediary for the service and the international understanding. The tailor is a character Ela "coarse", "fat" and "pretentious" who works the Greek Angelopoulos; Evina is also a former chef of priests.
The characters of the European world are often caricatured in the image of Commander Doum will tell Meka we'll give him a medal. And the Head of whites who will Timba.
The High Commissioner of Police Mr. Varini Gosier d'Oiseau-known, probably because of a neck that looks like a bird, the administrator and organizer of the ceremony Mr. Fouconi the narrator describes as "a young and roundish, with the abundant black hair and large pool that blacks had nicknamed "the almost-core-to-woman" (p.98), the father Vandermayer. The business is managed by the Greek Pipiniakis, Angelopoulos and Ms de Monroti with "tea drinker".
The prison guards or administrators

V. Study of some themes

's work addresses various themes such as alcoholism, Christianity, colonialism, family, woman, party, war, inequality and segregation, racism, tradition, aging, etc.. Through the themes we choose to study one will find that others are included.

1. Christianity

This novel describes the adventures of old Meka within the colonial apparatus of his country a reward for giving their land to the Church and her two son in "War, where they found a dead glorious for France, "the High Commissioner decides to honor the medal Friendship Euro-black on the occasion of the celebration of July 14. Hence the title of the novel.
But, in fact, the medal is an excuse that is given to reveal Oyono, in its way, the nature of the relationship between colonizers and colonized in the small town of Dum, place of action. The work of missionaries is different from their secular counterparts. Oyono emphasized in a particular way on the inhibitory role of the Catholic religion, a true "opiate of the people" factor of coverage and deceit. Under the pretext that they "liked the good Lord" missionaries took the land Meka. In addition, workers who work on indigenous lands receive any wages for the "thank you for the priest, communion or grace and mercy of God." But even the confession is not free from the other side! Oyono also mentioned the racial segregation practiced by the Church to the Holy Table and the Graveyard. In short, this writer takes a systematic doubt on the good intentions of those who claim to save the black soul from damnation. There is put in the same bag, lay missionaries and white.

2. Alcoholism

It plays an important role in the novel. Instrument of segregation, alcohol allows the narrator to show that White has always blacks a substitute and keeps the right product for him. So is it at the party where the whiskey flowed only for whites. Also are they even withdrew the European Circle (p.126) in Pipiniakis to party. Alcohol is also a means of exploitation: it prohibits local beer made from bananas or corn to sell wine imported from France. And the priest refuels in black wine. (P.15) Moreover, to commit their injustices, whites are drunk natives.

3. Old age

This age is also important in this story. The hero Meka is one. And many characters as naturally as his friends. They are so old that no one knows their date of birth as "Nua was like him ageless. It was dry as a smoked meat and had his jaw moving continuously. There was also Nti who was suffering from elephantiasis. (P.24) To convince you even see that from thirty years Mvondo who was the son of his sister looked like an old as having more hair, he was "like an old lizard "(24)
Also disrespect and bullying him inflict the police are wrong, and the old Africa is respected. It demonstrates the cruelty and wickedness of whites.

VI. Writing

1. The humor and irony in the old negro and medal

humor for all the characters, while the irony is made more often to whites. One sees the irony in the narrator's involvement, while humor is fully supported in the work by the characters. It makes a mockery
including deception, hypocrisy and the lie of the colonial enterprise suffered by indigenous village Doum, particularly Meka. Thus were laid bare the duplicity and wickedness of the white man, through his representatives, the Commissioner-d'Oiseau Gosier, Reverend Father and the Commander. The reader
pleasure to see, in places, the way some characters treat the important things such as this black performer who translates the long speech of the High Commissioner: "the great white chief says he is very happy to be here he said thank you for the welcome that you gave him. Then he talked about the war that you have made together against other whites from home ... and he ended by saying that we're more than friends, we are his brothers, something like that .... " The author uses irony to make an implicit critique of colonialism. Meka speaks even when one can not help smiling: "They are lucky not to suffer in their shoes" (p.100), how to show it does not feel well in the culture adopted. Meka
The sacrifices of the new religion are welcomed by his people in a gay humor: "For Christians Doum, Meka was a big favorite in the race to heaven" (p.17)

2. Writing masquerade

The National Day of France from July 14 is nothing but a charade to once again remind the domination of the colonial power. Meka's caricature in European clothing, which he feels uncomfortable and suffers at the shoes shows that this culture that they try to wear black does not go their. The
proverbs in the story give a local flavor to the story. The African people dilutes his wisdom in Proverbs: "If your heart starts beating on arriving at the end of your trip, turn back" (p.176) said Engamba who sought the district Meka Caucasian.
"The mouth that sucked do not forget the taste of milk" (p.17)

3. Thank you from the White

hypocrisy Blanc includes the word thank you when you consider the word "thank" is polysemous. It is beyond the fact that mean the blessing of an action, an action to hunt someone politely often. So is it Meka receiving from the White after what he has done for them, in fact a medal of appreciation in the sense of "we no longer need you because you are old and you did not notice ". This is confirmed visits by the father of the Catholic mission

VII. Scope of work

What Meka has done is a sort of exchange. Indeed, at least that seems to be the same meaning as the voice that had spoken in public: "I say we would have done better to dress medals! (...) It's understood the woman Kelara Meka. The narrator seems to acknowledge the complicity of Africans, so that led to the introduction of Europeans through the characters of Meka. So the fate of the latter is to suffer the ingratitude of France, as was the case with Meka. It is so comprehensive
noted the contradiction between the values that the high commissioner defended in his speech: equality and brotherhood among all men and the reality experienced by Meka who believed in the friendship of the whites to invite them for a meal at home. Because the High Commissioner Gosier Bird was humiliated, the very man who in life A boy was beaten bloody the boy Toundi. Not to mention the segregation at the service of the cocktail: they had red wine while whites were drinking whiskey. The neighborhoods were segregated, and we manhandling a native who dared cross the boundary that separated without permission. The brother-Meka bankrupt suffer the consequences by fetching it from the commander.

Conclusion

Through The old negro medal and is a sort of classic opposition from Oyono we have just seen: the traditional opposition a Black naive who believes in the friendship of the whites hypocritical and devious. Especially the irony and humor characteristic of the writing we read this text Oyono simple but very dense. This book less than two hundred pages summarizing the cultural characteristics and western Africa but also the characters and behavior of these two peoples through a variety of topics in both traditional and modern. This medal Meka is it not the symbol of the visiting heads of European states? Aid which have no repeated values compared to the harm they did to the Africans?

Glossary: Self-mockery

: make a joke, a mockery, a mockery to himself.

Masquerade: carnival party with costume

Hiv Transmission More Condition_symptoms

Love in Father Goriot Honore de Balzac

Introduction

Feelings govern the world, it is no secret to anyone. And love is what will determine any relationship is one of the most present and most important. Goriot offers one interesting operation, because this is the problem of the story takes place. Notice that the word and its derivatives is present 214 times, including the word "love" combined 140 times. "Love in Paris is nothing like love to others," said Eugene de Rastignac. That assertion is enough to show the importance of this theme in the novel, and the need to study to understand the novel. Work operating focus, therefore we propose the types of love manifested in the novel, its role in the design of love in the 19th of the author and the writing of this theme.

I. The types of love

1. The filial

This will especially love that the characters who devote themselves to relationships. Love is the foundation of the family, no one can doubt, and this fact partly the fact that Father Goriot has always the word "love" to the lip. Indeed, Goriot's love for his daughters is legendary, because he lives only for and by that love. This paternal love is even, ultimately, bizarre, since the characters of the pension went up to believe that his girls were his girlfriends. Yet we may even suspect Goriot incest "repressed." So the narrator can tell that "The thoughtless devotion, love was touchy and delicate Goriot to his daughters was so well known." And also "He had given for twenty years, his bowels, his love." This love is permissive, forgiving all, as he causes exploitation, deception, cheating and betrayal. The love he bore his daughter is thus the cause of ruin, and worse father never returned the love he had offered.
Eugene is lucky, will he the same for her sisters? Anyway, they love, sincere to their brother, because she sacrifices money for him, for his happiness, to save his life. So they show him their love by the gesture but also through speech. In the letter Rastignac Lavra, one can declare: "Farewell, dear brother, never worn letter has made so many wishes for your happiness or love so much satisfied" and "Your loving sister, said her sister. In passing, we note that much love have for each other as the sisters of Eugene, Laure and Agathe, is constructive and harmonious, as one that links to Anastasia and her sister Delphine Restaud Nucingen is full of rivalry, animosity. The reason it is summarized in this passage: "Restaud birth, his wife was adopted, it was presented, but his sister, his rich sister, the beautiful Madame Delphine Nucingen, wife of a man of money, dying of grief; envy devours, it is a hundred leagues from his sister, his sister is no longer his sister and these two women as they deny them deny their father. Also, Ms. Nucingen laperait it all the mud there is between the Rue Saint-Lazare and the Rue de Grenelle to enter my room. "The price
being who loves you gives you appears in the word" dear "that accompanies the name of the person loved. So often measured sincerity of feeling. Laura says "dear brother" and the letter from his mother the following expressions structure the text: "My dear child," "My dear son," "dear child", "Farewell, dear child." And his cousin Viscountess of Beauseant Eugene found the assistance of a parent, and its recognition was quick: "My dear cousin," said Eugene, you've already well protected. "
Madame Couture brand as well as her love for her niece Victorine Taillefer. She told him in a burst of protection "- go back, my dear," said Madame Couture, those cases do not concern us "
This trick is used by Vautrin and Goriot in place to weave Rastignac an ambiguous relationship of paternal love. Vautrin providing advice to him said: "Virtue, my dear student, does not split."
In total, we can see that this love is most protective and constructive. What of carnal love?

2. The carnal love

This love is the foundation of the work, as long as it binds the characters that have no relationship. That love which leads to satisfaction of a lust, sensual. This love is too strong as long as it has to be happy and especially to satisfy a desire. And often when the desire is satisfied, that love tends to die causing the worst discomfort, despair and the worst, if not death. In Paris, the desire is aroused by the coquetry of women and not by love. The young provincial will then enter the world of passion and immediately judge the original beauty of Anastasia: "But for Rastignac, Ms. Anastasia Restaud was the desirable woman" and his description of women is worthy of the story of the Thousand Nights and suggests that it succumbs to the charm of Paris: "Eugene felt so fresh bloom of the hands of this woman without having to touch it. He saw through cashmere, pink shades of the bodice gown, slightly ajar, sometimes left bare, and on which his eyes stretched. The resources of the comb were useless to the Countess, scored only his waist size flexible neck called to love, his feet were in pretty slippers. "
In this regard, Eugene is not very different from Goriot, he had his moments of carnal love, and" His wife (...) was for him the object of religious admiration, a boundless love. Goriot had admired her as a nature frail and strong, sensitive and pretty, which contrasted strongly with his "
And Eugene has captured the essence, because he just discovered that is to say that" By owning the woman saw that Eugene had not until then that he wanted, he loved her at day of happiness: love is perhaps the recognition of pleasure. " This is the case with his girlfriend Delphine who "loved Rastignac much as Tantalus would have loved the angel would come to satisfy his hunger or thirst in his parched throat.
But once the first surge of happiness gone, he realized that his life will be like before, that is to say without worry: "There is now only one fear, one misfortune me is to lose the love that made me feel the pleasures of living. "
In the novel, that love has a special place, and it is causing strange behavior also that vicious.

3. Brotherly love

is understood in this part of friendship, camaraderie and even, whether temporary or permanent, neighborhood. The rarity of such love shows how people of Parisian society are selfish and interested. Such love is not found with the two students, Rastignac and his friend Dr. Bianchon. Just as he is concerned, that will give Bianchon Eugene. So he admits he and his concern: "- Well! Bianchon, I'm mad, heal me. I have two sisters who are angels of beauty, innocence, and I want them to be happy. Where to take two hundred thousand francs dowry for their next five years? . So the confession is of such sincerity that he repeats: "- Thanks, you made me good, Bianchon! we will always be friends "
Friendship is sought by all the characters who are around Rastignac. Goriot and Vautrin who think the only real feeling is "a friendship between man and man" and he said that once in America "I'll send cigars of friendship"

II. The role of love

1. Love and money

Love is often used to get money. The technique is summarized in the following quote: "One night, after some antics, you report, between two kisses, two hundred thousand francs in debt to your wife, saying:" My love! "This farce is played every days by the most distinguished young men. A young woman does not refuse his purse to him who takes his heart. . When Rastignac also said that he will succeed he speaks both love and money. Vautrin but warned: "You go flirt with some pretty woman and you will get money. You've thought! said Vautrin; because how can you, if you Do not expect your love? . What is remarkable in this society, there is almost impossible to have both. It's like running two rabbits at once. "Rastignac decided to open two parallel trenches to reach the property, based on science and love (...). He was still very childish! These two lines are asymptotes that can never meet. "
But he is a victim of the devil form of Vautrin who slyly in his ears and repeats the formula:" Gold and love waves! "
Money is thus the only way seems to please tell Delphine Rastignac: "If I feel fortunate to be rich, it is to please you. .
Love and money are so intertwined in this novel Victorine Taillefer "inherit the love and the fortune of her father at the same time, if his brother died, the brother who does not love .

2. Love and Marriage Marriage

which normally is the result of the bonds of love means suffering, despair, betrayal.
Both girls Goriot marriages are failures, and they suffer enormously. It is often a disappointment, a martyr, not a blessing. And even if the marriage early success, there is no chance in this town to be so forever. That's why Goriot is attacking the institution of marriage in these words: "Father, tell the House to pass a law on marriage! Finally, do not marry your daughters if you like. The son is a villain who spoils everything in a girl, it stains everything. More weddings! . He's right, because his daughter Delphine said she suffered in her marriage, violence and brutality, so she said: "Marriage is for me the most horrible disappointments. "
Marriage in Paris is often a contract, a commercial transaction and now "Out of sixty beautiful weddings that take place in Paris, there are forty-seven result in similar markets. "

3. Love, power domination

Love is like an "empire", it can control the other. "All the passions of men are certainly excited or maintained by either of these two causes, which divided the empire in love"
The narrator seems to say that feelings always end up becoming a means of domination, this what eludes the father Goriot, since his wife died before this point, explaining that his own daughters to be responsible for completing the work of their mother: "Goriot, unfortunately for him, lost his wife and she was beginning to take dominion over him , outside the sphere of feelings. "Anastasia
control her husband and withdrawn all his money, but she in turn is betrayed by her lover of Mr. Trailles who ruined her and her father:" We had to be madly in love, as was Restaud for having floured miss Anastasia. Oh! it will not be a good seller! It is in the hands of Monsieur de Trailles, whoever loses "
This power, Eugene wanted to have on Anastasia: "This woman obviously in love with Maxine, a woman, mistress of her husband, secretly linked to the old vermicelli, it seemed a mystery. He wanted to penetrate this mystery, hoping to reign supreme over this woman so eminently Parisian. "

III. Love in the 19th century

IV. Writing love

The novelist is loyal to his technique of realism. Indeed, to better see the reality, he often uses figures of speech, especially the comparison and metaphor. The theme of love is always present in these ways. "God is love," said the Christian religion, and Balzac did not deprive the word when he says "God loves the world, because the world is not as beautiful as God." From such a comparison "Love and the church want beautiful tablecloths on their altars," the narrator spins metaphor of religion by means of a lexical field of religion very abundant. Include this example: "By learning the secrets household of Mr. and Mrs. Nucingen, he found that, to convert the love into an instrument of fortune, he had been drinking all shame, and give to the noble ideas that are absolution mistakes of youth. " Sometimes when Eugene speaks of love that Father Goriot door to her daughters it seems that he speaks of the love that God, the Lord has for men. "Eugene could not hide the fact that the father's love, no personal interest dwarfed, crushed by his own persistence and its scope. The idol was still pure and beautiful for the father, and grew his adoration of all the past as the future. " And the narrator makes clear that love "is a religion, and worship must be more expensive than all other religions."
The technique of repetition which gives the novel looks like a romance is in the writing of Balzac. The novel is a kind of parody of the novel rose water, except that the outcome is far from that of real romance novels that always ends, as observed on ironical Vautrin Victorine he asked Eugene likes to watch over it "they were seen throughout the country, lived happily, and had many children. "Before adding" This is how eventually all the romance novels. "

Conclusion

love kills like poison. When, of course it is not reciprocal, or when it is not shared. Father Goriot died for his two daughters, but he has given some advice before going to Rastignac. "I had too much love for them that they had to for me," he said. One way for him to say that we must always keep some of his love for oneself. Also feels guilty he: "I alone am guilty, but guilty of love," because "money does not become something that when the feeling is gone. . Moreover, Rastignac himself has read something like this in the letter his mother wrote him and he was trembling with terror, it's love that he wears his mother. The vast philosophy that the characters of the novel had to understand was: "True love paying for bad love.

How To Make A Rabbit Hut

Study of Molière's The Miser

Introduction

A comic play is intended to amuse the spectators or readers. And to define the function of his comedy, Molière said "Castigat ridendo mores," ie "It punishes the manners by laughing." And for good reason, Jean Baptiste Poquelin whose real name carries the characters of men to write his plays. To summarize the world of the play The Miser published in 1668, he noted " a man is greedy, and pretends that he keep his wealth. " This theme will be operated and vicious in its perspective as seen by the playwright, actor and director Molière. To analyze the text, we will consider in turn the players, the summary of action, structure, themes, and finally the dramatization.

I. Actors

HARPAGON father of Cleanthes and Elise, and lovers of Mariane. It is the main character, an old man became a legendary figure because of his vice: greed, which is his greed makes him a usurer. He loves gold, wealth and the fear that he steals and he is in love.
CLEANTE son of Scrooge, Mariane's lover. ELISE, daughter of Scrooge, lover of Valere. VALÈRE , son of Anselmo, and lover of Elise. MARIANE , lover of Cleanthes, and loved with Scrooge. ANSELME , father of Valere and Mariane. FROSINE woman of intrigue. MASTER SIMON , broker. MASTER JACQUES, cook and coachman Scrooge. THE ARROW , valet Cleante. DAME CLAUDE , servant of Scrooge. Brindavoine , THE HAKE , lackeys of Scrooge. COMMISSIONER AND CLERC .

The scene is in Paris.

II. Abstract

Widow and extremely stingy, Scrooge wants to marry his daughter Elise to a wealthy old man, Anselmo, willing to take without dowry. But Elise wants to marry Valere, who was introduced to Scrooge by being hired as superintendent. Scrooge has a son, Cleanthes, who loves Mariane, but he has to rival Scrooge himself. To help his master, La Fleche, the servant of Cleanthes, steals the tape filled with gold Scrooge. Wrongly accused, Valerius reveals his love for Elise. The traditional process of recognition helps to unravel the plot: Anselm in Mariane and Valere recognizes his children, he thought he had lost in a shipwreck. Valere and Elise will marry, and Mariane Cleante well, while Harpagon is pleased to have found his beloved tape.

III. A structure acts

Act I - The story takes place in Paris. The rich and miserly Scrooge has two children: Elise, who is in love with Valere, a Neapolitan gentleman at the service of his father as steward, and Cleanthes who wishes to marry Mariane, a young woman living with her mother penniless. It does not support the greed of his father's love thwart his plans. Scrooge is terrified by an obsessive fear he hid in the garden, a cassette that contains ten thousand gold crowns, he discovers that fear and that the steals. Suspicious, he distrusts everyone, even his children, he will return to La Fleche, the servant of Cleanthes. Finally, he reveals his intentions: he will marry Mariane, Elise is promised (without added dot) Anselmo, an old man, and Cleanthes is for a widow. The girl vigorously denies, his father asks Valere to convince her.

Act II - Cleanthes, who can not count on his father, is in urgent need of fifteen thousand francs. The Spire, his valet, takes care to find a lender, an intermediary, Master Simon, a broker, the conditions that are inform wear the most outrageous. Incensed, he finally discovered that the loan shark is none other than his father, a violent dispute between them. The intriguing Frosine the scene, she convinces Scrooge that Mariane is a woman who prefers older men and would be willing to marry him. The Miser is annoyed by the lack of fortune of the young woman, but Frosine convinces a poor person who ignores the expenditure side, it can only agree. The intriguing wants to get paid for his services, but Scrooge refuses and leaves.

Act III - On the occasion of signing the marriage contract, Scrooge has invited to dinner Mariane. He blames his servants, and especially Master Jacques, that spending is limited. The cook protests, the steward Valere supports and promotes the economy miser and a heated argument ensued during which Mr Jacques receives blows, and therefore can only think revenge. Arrive Frosine introducing Mariane in the house, nervous to meet her future husband. When it appears, she is disgusted by his physique, it's when Cleanthes arrives, she recognizes the young man who is the object of his thoughts. Follows a conversation between lovers, in which they confess veiled words to their mutual feelings. Cleante removes a valuable ring finger of his father, and offers his own name to the one he loves. Scrooge did not really understand the situation.

Act IV - The two young lovers seeking to intervene with Frosine big bluestem, and waives his marriage nonsense. Scrooge catches her son fucking Mariane's hand, and develops suspicions that it wants to make sure. To probe his son and know their hopes, he says he changed his plans and renounced marriage. The naive son said his father, his love for the girl and her desire to marry him furious Scrooge was unable to withstand an attack of violence and cursed. Master Jacques intervenes to separate them and reconcile them: as an aside, it makes them believe that everyone else has given up. Reconciliation is short, the argument starts over again and continues until the arrival of La Fleche, with the cassette of the ten thousand crowns, which he himself had stolen. Scrooge promises to find the culprit and punish him as it should.

Act V - miser convene a police commissioner to investigate the theft of the tape and, in his frenzy of greedy, he wants to interview all Parisians. In revenge, Master Jacques means Valere happens at this time. He was ordered to explain and acknowledge his crime. Misunderstanding, thinking that his feelings for Elise known, he admits that it is secretly his girlfriend. Once again Scrooge includes delayed and the Fury the resumes. Anselme, who is to marry Eliza, comes into play when Valerius began his story. The old man understood that Valere and Mariane are children of Anselm, he was convinced they had perished in a shipwreck many years ago. Cleanthes will marry Mariane and Valere Elise. Scrooge accepts their marriages, as Anselm pay everything. He remains alone with his tape.

IV. Themes

1. Love and marriage

Asked Valere, "what can you fear, Elise, in the kindness you have for me? "Elise says," Alas! percent things at once: the passion of a father, the reproaches of a family, the censure of the world, but most of all, Valere, a change of heart, coldness and criminal, including those of your gender pay most often too ardent testimony of an innocent love. "And she adds:" All men are alike in words, and it is the actions that
find them different. " This shows that during the 17th century man was often inconsistent, which frightened the girl. Elise believes that love is too serious a commitment to love that word scares him, especially when his brother tells him that Cleanthes Mariane loves: "Have you hired, my brother, with the one you love? .
In this society, to marry, it is not enough just to love, it is more that the girl has money which will be her dowry, bet she gives to man. Scrooge, however, unwilling to spend for his daughter, he finds an old man who agrees to marry him without the dowry, but mostly he wants to marry a girl for her money and at the same time find a woman to her son Cleante to grow his money. In short, the rich miser here thinks the trade of marriage.

2. Avarice and money

Scrooge is so miserly he comes to accuse an innocent thief, moreover it has the word to lip. So when he wants to hide his silver tape it and Arrow Hunting: "Out of here just now, and we do not replicate. Come, we scoot my home, alderman thief, jailbird true. " For him, it can steal your money with the eyes, because he does not want that "cursed eyes besiege all [his] actions, devour what [he] owns, and ferreting on all sides to see if ' there is nothing to steal. " But deep Scrooge does not that people know he has money. We laugh almost the avarice of the rat when he saves up all over thinking does not wear wigs that would cost money: "It is very wrong. If you are lucky at play, you should enjoy, and make an honest interest you earn money in order to find a date. I wonder, if nothing else, what are all these tapes that you are larded from head to foot, and if half a dozen needles is not enough to attach a high-clothes? It is necessary to use money from wigs, when you can wear hair of his own, which cost nothing. "

V. Dramatization

In this comedy, Molière uses all of comedy, the comic character in the person of Scrooge, the situation comedy - each character is presented as a mask (at a moment in history each cache her love) - the comedy of manners and rehearsal and of course the comedy of words, gestures, inherited from the farce and ballet, which knows Molière. Therefore, love and youth can both laugh at the authority wants to marry against their wishes, and see their businesses successful. Each character oscillates between the sham and the secret, The Miser is a piece that allows those who see Molière a moralist and those who see it as a playwright inspired to reconcile. Only the comedy, in fact, can give the game masks any subversive power, but only the truth of desire becoming truth of all allows the moral legitimately win.

Conclusion

The Miser is a kind of warning. It defends itself often not to be greedy, and treat each other miser. And rightly due to Molière say for a simple definition that claims to keep his money to justify is not stingy. Still, a degree of greed is a disease. Fortunately for Scrooge, this disease has not killed because it's drama and comedy, so the death may be the outcome. What would in real life? Do we keep our money forever? For whom do we care? Will there be time to eat anything you care if this is of course our goal? These questions are implicit in the room. Meditate on it! Appendix:

Some quotes from the piece:

"Without dowry! The means to resist a reason like that? (Valere, Act I, Scene V)
"Giving is a word that has such an aversion, he never says:" I give you "but" I'll lend you a good morning. " "(La Fleche, Act II, Scene IV)
" When there is food for eight, there are many for ten. "(Scrooge to Master Jacques, Act III, Scene I)
" We must eat to live not live to eat. "(Valerius" supporting Scrooge, Act III, Scene I)
"Alas, my poor money, my poor money, my dear friend I was deprived you, and because thou art removed, I lost my support, my consolation, my joy is all over for me, and I've only done the world! Without you, I can not live. "(Scrooge, Act IV, Scene 7)
" It's a natural to be too hard as to have no pity for his neighbor. "(Master Jacques, Act III, Scene 1)
" "Giving" is a word to which he has such an aversion, he never says: "I give you" but "I'll lend you a good morning." (The arrow that says to Scrooge, Act II, Scene 4).
"Who feels snotty to fly." (Speaking to Scrooge Frosine indirectly act I, Scene 3)
"What is that, sixty years? It is the prime of life and you are now entering the season. "(Frosine mocking Scrooge, Act II, Scene 5)

Vocabulary difficult

A avaricious: a person especially sordid avarice
A steward : person responsible for managing the affairs and property of anyone here manages those of Valere Scrooge. The dot
: Property or money that a woman or a man brings upon marriage. It is the woman who gives it here. A broker
: someone whose job is to serve as intermediary in commercial or financial transactions. A
wear : practice of lending money at an interest rate exceeding that permitted by law or that generally charged. A Bluestem
: comedy character embodying an old man who disturbs the projects of young heroes.
Chastise : Correct.

Antique Juice Squeezer

Study: Money in Le Pere Goriot by Honoré de Balzac Study

Introduction

In Goriot , money comes in gold, currency, coin, penny, wealth, property, capital, patent, bank, assets, securities, interest, awards, etc.. All these terms as banal as commercial projects are used as characters in their relationship with money. The word "money" appears eighty-three times and the word "fortune", sixty-five times. The occurrence of these words show how much the subject of money is relevant to understanding this novel by Balzac, and Parisian society in the first half of the 19th century. To understand the role of money in this text, we propose to study the power of money and its consequences.

I. The power of money

1. The meaning of money

He who knows the meaning more money is Goriot, as when he asserts that "money, that's life" p.208, we can only really subscribe. And in this novel, the money means too many things that are the foundations of life. And even Rastignac can not help but repeat the joke of Vautrin "Vautrin is right, property is virtue! "P. 89. The money can be established, but also eat, and so have the daily bread means having money. This metaphor finds himself in the mouth Vautrin, who is sometimes the narrator's voice: "I'm not complaining, I have on the plate of bread baked for long," he talking about the fortune he has to be the 'freedom from want for the rest of his life. And even Goriot does not distinguish between the two speaking of the husband of his daughter, Delphine, "Does he think I could endure for two days the idea of leaving you without fortune, without bread? . The money so mean to these characters nobility, beauty, love, respectability, and happiness.
But also, money is often a source of conflict, it is Satan, and we can resume proverb "Money is the sinews of war." We will see that the novel is a kind of illustration. That the wise sisters Rastignac have understood, and the letter of their brother, removing this demon called "money" makes us exult with joy: "Your letter came just in time, dear brother. Agathe and I wanted to spend our money in so many ways, we did not know how we solve purchase. You have done as the servant of the king of Spain when he overthrew his master watches, thou hast agreed. Really, we were always quarreling for that of our desires "which we would give preference, and we had not guessed, my good Eugene, employment which included all our desires. Agathe jumped for joy. "

2. The importance of money in society

Money is the thread that connects all the characters. First Goriot sees these girls when they need money, and he himself confirmed, because every time he sees them he asked them if they have money problems. Because, in fact, he has married so morganatic (marriage performed with a person of lower rank). The German became Nucingen by marrying Baron Baroness Delphine. And "Delphine loved money: she married Nucingen, German-born banker who became Baron of the Holy Roman Empire. . Also girls Goriot they seeking lovers used; Maximus Trailles for Anastasia Restaud, Eugene de Rastignac Delphine Nucingen. If the first is unscrupulous, as Rastignac is full of humanity. Vauquer and sees in these residents as sub, that Vautrin tandiq binds Rastignac to send him in this jungle of Paris, he represents the "devil", the "tempter." In this pair, which is added Victorine Taillefer believes Vautrin because knowing that its financial health will come from him.
Basically, in Goriot, money is synonymous with his children, so he regrets not to be, because it is synonymous with abandonment. "The money gives everything, even girls. Oh! my money, where is he? If I had to leave treasures, they licking me, she nursed me, I would hear them and I could see them. "
Money can be placed on the property ladder. This social mobility used by girls Goriot is the same who declined the family of Eugene Rastignac who says they lost their title of Chevalier de Rastignac the day the king was losing the family fortune.
Money allows you to whiten, become what we want, that we want. It ennobles. "If I succeed, nobody will ask me: Who are you? I would be Mr. Four Millions, U.S. citizen, "said Vautrin.

II. The impact of money

1. The pursuit of profit

Studying the pursuit of profit is equivalent to reconsider the life of Vautrin, the man who has experience, it seems, tried all means to become rich before, because he often says "It knows me." And he who throws the two slogans that sum up how it should be and what it takes to get rich in the mud of Paris: "Honesty is useless" and "Corruption is strength, the talent is rare," he said beforehand.
all means, it seems, are good to have money. Almost all means of seeking favor meet in the city of Paris. But the most common, and appears to be the least guilty speculation, a method that has made the fortune of Father Goriot. "Yes, this Moriot was president of his section during the Revolution and was in the secret of the famous famine, and began his fortune by selling in that time flour ten times more than they cost him. It took as long as he wanted. The steward of my grandmother sold him for immense sums. "Said Madame de Langeais.
However, this skill is not given to everyone, so they must be other ways for other characters, but too often dishonest ways so that Father Goriot has become a saint in front of all these "hunters "as he likes to say Vautrin.
Lender pawn, this is the job of the Marquis d'Ajuda and Count Trailles. Vautrin and also knew the system, since it would lead them to the young Rastignac is narrowly drawn through other means, the game is because the wheel of fortune is also gambling. And luck, the heroes are, because it won seven thousand francs. Also took the opportunity there to send money to his mother and sister who sent money to support it, saying at least the virtue that the young lives Rastignac. The flight
, perhaps the first occupation of Vautrin, because he is wanted as receiver of a group of thieves known as the "League of Ten Thousand," an association of senior thieves, people who work in great, and do not mingle with a case where there are not ten thousand to win, "according to the intelligence police chief Mr. Gondureau. The denouncement
Michonneau Miss and Mr. Poiret will not be outdone in this race to wealth. Them, they chose their formula, alias Vautrin Jean Collin denounce or Cheat Death to pocket the promised development that will help to confuse the bandit. Predictably from the old lady Michonneau especially since the narrator had suspected of greed from the beginning of history.
Goriot is the victim of blackmail emotional of his own daughters. Also did not suspect it at any time in their love for the impoverished and their husbands and lovers. The
blackmail love is the expedient used by the husband of Delphine's lover and Anastasia, Maximus of the last of which cost Trailles successfully wonders allowed him to disappear from the life of the latter . "Monsieur de Trailles is gone, leaving huge debts here, and I knew he was cheating on me" finally realized too late Anastasia. That's what Vautrin also proposes to Rastignac if wants to get rich through a marriage with Victorine Taillefer who will inherit his father if his brother should die. And thus, the crime is suggested by Vautrin, except that it even admits that other ways have been replaced today. So will he orchestrate the death of the brother of Victorine. The
concubinage, the prostitution and adultery seem commonplace, tolerated in this world where only the gain is important. All allusions to the past Ms. Vauquer tend to designate as someone who grew rich in the lucrative market of prostitution, which would justify it lies to be rich. Catholic
The only way to get honest money remains, as always, of course, the work . But in this society where work provides only the minimum to survive, Vautrin should certainly be other ways, and he told Rastignac "The work included as you understand it now, gives, in old days, an apartment with my mom Vauquer to guys on the strength of Poiret. . Rastignac and knows it.

2. Money, love and death

The obsession with money. The money is for the people of Paris fixation. And the story offers itself as a long ballad whose refrain is " If I was rich. " Rastignac, when making his first steps into Parisian society launches this wish "If I were rich," he said in a changing room of thirty he had taken in case of misfortune, I would have gone by car I could think at my ease. "In addition, each time, this idea recurs as a haunting '- And Money! shouted his conscience, which thus will you take? ". Rastignac now "wondered where and how he would obtain money. "Father Goriot
also knows when he says"? If I had to leave treasures, they licking me, she nursed me And I hear them, I would see them. "That's what makes the reduction of fortune is a harbinger of death and makes every request for money from Goriot equivalent to a" chop "or" drowning ". The father's death coincides Goriot does not end with his wealth?
The lack of fortune is also synonymous with loss of love. Goriot's daughters ruin themselves to be loved: Anastasia is defrauded by Maximus Trailles and the Baron flies Delphine. For Eugene Rastignac, he has to first find a wife, and get rich. But his only problem is that he has scruples, so the father told him Goriot "Monsieur de Rastignac is a young man unable to ruin his mistress." That's why Vautrin warns that the two are mutually exclusive, and it will choose.
Feelings of love and money do not mix. Indeed for the wealth, do not like or do not find out, this is the board that the Viscountess Beauseant Rastignac gives to his nephew: "You see, you will be nothing here if you don ' have not a woman who is interested in you. You need the young, rich, elegant. But if you have a true sense, hide it as a treasure never let suspect you will be lost. You would not be the executioner, you become the victim. .
Clearly, love, life, death and money are inseparable. Even the deep familial love is here for the money "This father had given everything. He had given for twenty years, his bowels, his love, he gave his fortune in one day, "says Madame de Langeais. And when Rastignac who knows where his family wrote letters asking for money, he knows that his life is at stake, what it expresses in these terms: "if I had not the money, I would be a prey to despair that would lead me to blow my brains out. . These few examples show how the money is life in this novel.

Conclusion

Money honestly earned is often well spent. This is basically what we learned Rastignac mother who told him after sending him money: "Do a good job of that money." In a world where money reigns like a king, it would be sacrilege to "be on the straw," as said Father Goriot. It has been, at least the time of reading, business analysts, and you will understand the workings of speculation as to not "drop its balance sheet. " What we will not learn when in Goriot ? Knowing all damage caused by money, should we not rejoice in the way if its loss of Agathe deprives us of our worries? We submit that question to the meditation of each, and finally recommend reading the two letters from the mother of Eugene and his two sisters, as if they were addressed to us.

Vocabulary difficult

Dispatch: average, sometimes disingenuous or just regular, solve a problem temporarily
Obsession : what occupies the mind of a regular, involuntary
Speculation: an operation which is to try to anticipate changes in the price of a good economic benefit from its sale or purchase
denouncement : treachery and malicious denunciation
Blackmail: medium pressure exerted to extract money
Executioner: individual executing a victim.
Patent (invention): title to an inventor to earn money on what he has invented.
Recognition (debt): document writing by which a person expresses borrower of a sum of money to another person.
file for bankruptcy : Statement of Assets and liabilities (a business) at the end of a fiscal year. Here it go bankrupt, in the context of Goriot.
Being on the straw : being in poverty, not having money.
Gear : medium

Excerpts:

The letter from the mother of Eugene

"Towards the end of the first week of December, Rastignac received two letters, one of his mother, the other her older sister. These writings made him known if both throbbing with joy and trembling with terror. Both papers contained a frail sentence of life or death over his expectations. If conceived some terror in mind the distress of his parents, he had proven too much for their choice not to fear to have sucked their last drop of blood. The letter from his mother was well designed. "My dear child, I send you what you asked. Do a good job of that money, I could not, when it comes to saving your life, find a second time so large a sum without your father was educated, which disturb the harmony our household. For us to get it, we would have to give guarantees on our land. It is impossible to judge the merit of projects that I do not know, but what kind are they to make you afraid to entrust them to me? This explanation does not require volumes, we only need one word to us other mothers, and that word would have saved me the agony of uncertainty. I can not hide the painful impression that your letter has caused. My dear son, what made you feel so compelled to cause such terror in my heart? you had to suffer much by writing to me because I have suffered you read. In what career you commit yourself So? Your life, your happiness would be attached to appear that you are not, to see a world where you can not go without spending money that you can support without losing valuable time for your studies? My dear Eugene, believe in the heart of thy mother, winding roads lead to nothing great. Patience and resignation must be the virtues of young people in your position. I do not scold you, I would connect to our offering no bitterness. My words are those of a mother as confident as farseeing. If you know what your obligations, I know, me, how your heart is pure, what your intentions are good. I can also tell you without fear, Go, my beloved, walk! I tremble because I am a mother, but your every step will be dearly with our vows and our blessings. Be careful, dear child. You have to be wise as a man, the fate of five people who are dear to you based on your head. Yes, all our fortunes are you, as your happiness is ours. "

The letter from his sisters

" god, dear child. I shall say nothing of your sisters: Laura writes to you. I leave the pleasure of chatter on small family events. Heaven grant that you succeed! "Oh yes, successful, my Eugene, you made me experience a pain too deep for me to bear a second time. I knew what it was like to be poor, seeking fortune and give it to my child. Well, goodbye. Do not leave us without news, and am here kiss your mother sends you. "When Eugene

had finished this letter he was in tears, he thought of Father Goriot twisting his silver and selling it to go pay the bill for her daughter." Your mother has twisted her jewelry! he told himself. Your aunt wept probably by selling some of his relics! What right do you curse Anastasia? You come to imitate for selfishness your future what it has done for her lover! Which, from him or you, is better? "The student felt the innards gnawed by a feeling of unbearable heat.
He wanted to renounce the world, it would not take the money. He felt remorse these noble and beautiful secrets that merit is rarely appreciated by the men when they consider their peers ...

"" Your letter came just in time, dear brother. Agathe and I wanted to spend our money in so many ways, we did not know how we solve purchase. You have done as the servant of the king of Spain when he overthrew his master watches, you we have agreed. Really, we were always quarreling for one of our desires "to which we would give preference, and we had not guessed, my good Eugene, employment which included all our desires. Agathe jumped for joy."
Rastignac " - Oh yes, "said Eugene, yes, fortune at all costs! treasures would not pay this dedication. I would give them every happiness together. Fifteen hundred and fifty francs," he said after a pause. must Each piece bears blow! Laure is right. The name of a woman! "I have only coarse linen shirts. For the happiness of another, a young girl becomes tricky as a thief. Innocent for her foresight and for me it is like an angel from heaven who forgives the sins of the earth without understanding them. "

What Is Heartburn More Condition_symptoms

Tragedy of King Christophe by Aimé Césaire

Introduction

One theater history's most read and most played, Tragedy of King Christophe is the work that has mainly been understood by black people. This play directed by Serreau was played at the Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar in 1966. Published in 1963, this play never stops to impress. Its action is that traces the black struggle for freedom and independence, but also the destiny of the country shines through the dark fate of the king's action Christophe summarizing the new leaders of these new countries. This study we propose will revolve around the following: The life and work of the playwright, the abstract part, structure, characters, themes and drama of Cesaire.

I. The man and the work

1. The life of the author

Born into a modest family of Fort-de-France, writer and man of action, Aimé Césaire was born June 26, 1913, in Basse-Pointe in Martinique to the north and is part of a family of seven children. His father is a teacher and his mother a seamstress at the age of six, he entered primary school. After a good education at school in his hometown, Aimé Césaire was awarded a scholarship to continue her studies in Paris at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand.
1932-1933, Césaire joined Hypokhâgne Louis-le-Grand, where he met Ousmane Socé and Leopold Sedar Senghor.
Caesarius succeeded the entrance examination at the ENS in 1935. He travels on Martinique and begins to write the Book. In 1937 Césaire married Miss Roussy. 1937 sees the birth of her first child and he just finished the Book which he published in 1939 in the journal Wills.
Césaire and his wife Suzanne Césaire are assigned as teachers in high school Victor Schoelcher Fort-de-France. Césaire was elected mayor of the city under the colors of the French Communist Party (PCF), he left in 1956 and the opportunity to address a letter to Thorez. He renounces the deputation in 1993. He left politics without leaving altogether, he supports the candidacy of Ségolène Royal in the 2007 presidential election. On April 9 he was hospitalized and died April 17, 2008 to Fort-de-France

2. The work of Césaire

prolific writer, publishing several books Césaire:
Weapons miraculous (poetry), 1946; Sun neck cut, (poetry), 1948; Corps lost (poetry) 1949; Discourse on Colonialism, (test), 1955; Letters to Thorez, 1956; And the dogs were silent (poetry and drama), 1956; Fittings (poetry), 1960; Cadastre (poetry), 1961; Toussaint Louverture (historical) 1962; Tragedy of King Christophe (theater), 1963; A Season in the Congo, (1967); Storm (Theatre), 1969; Complete Works, 1976; Me, laminar ..., 1982.

II. The summary of the plot

The play is preceded by a prologue depicting a dogfight, one called Christopher, another Potion. Otherwise the action starts with the visit of Petion sent by the Senate propose to the Chair Christopher. He refuses sniffing the plot to remove power by offering a power vacuum. Thus revolt he cons the mulattoes and proclaimed himself king of Haiti. Therefore the country is divided between supporters of Christopher Vastey including its Secretary and those who side with the colonial power. This was followed by the coronation ceremony celebrated by Archbishop Cornelius Brelle, then the swearing in of the king. He mastered the rebellion led by Metellus. Cons Petion, he proposed the unification of the state, but the Senate is plotting behind his back. Christopher decides to build a citadel, a symbol of power in Haiti and forced the people to work. He commissioned a farmer who does not work and employs the girls to work construction. Do not support these excesses, Cornelius Brelle request Hugonin rest while organizing a mass wedding to avoid debauchery. Christopher gave the order to remove the archbishop. But during the Mass of the Assumption, Christopher was paralyzed by the specter of Cornelius Brelle. He begins to realize and dream of a final victory and is preparing to commit suicide. After his death, his wife, a top African Vastey say its great destiny.

III. The structure of the piece

The structure of the play in three acts facilitates understanding of the progression of the action. Basically each act is centered on the hero Christophe. Thus we have the following structure.

Act I: The conquest of power and the coronation of Christopher. In this section, Christophe opposes Petion which is mandated by the Senate to remove Christopher from power. The latter not only refused, but made a secession and proclaimed himself king of Haiti. He organizes his coronation, a celebration.

Act II: After her crowning, it was the civil war. Much of the people is against the King Christophe, including the bourgeoisie, some peasants, his own generals betray nothing of the outside power.

Act III: Despite warnings especially his wife, Chris is determined to lead the country with an iron hand, and tyranny, her hard labor and excess ends his reign, however, when he began to to its realization.

IV. Characters

1. The hero: Henri Christophe

Christophe is a former chef and general became king of Haiti. This climb is already showing his exceptional destiny, but also tragic, because the struggle for freedom and independence of his people. He is a king excessive and authoritarian, he explains the work to arrive at the other, "I ask the men too but not enough to Negroes," he says. In its draft to forget the past of slavery and create a better future, it requires, as a tyrant, the people working hard to kill even lazy. Its excesses are considered cruel by the people he wants to free through work, because for him there is the point of fatigue is no rest or leave. To unify the state, he attacked the headquarters of Petion Port-au-Prince. However he will be aware its action too late, and its failure will mean his death. So he said at the end, "I wanted to force the riddle of the people behind" (p. 140)

2. Adjuvants of King Christophe

Vastey: He is the king's secretary, and to his cause, to his ideal. He understands his king and his projects, and therefore stands in front of his rivals. He runs so Christophe policy, because he tries to convince the people how to act to solve the problem of the country. But despite his intelligence to anticipate problems, it did not object Christophe to influence its decisions by wise advice.

Hugonin: In the play, it is characterized as "a mixture of parasite, jester and money politics" that always accompanies the king. It occupies the role of courtier perceived in classical theater. It was he who in the market, entertains the people with his songs and comments. From both very grotesque, he managed to relax with jokes an atmosphere somewhat tragic. But behind this mask lies a wise fool can tell the truth and give a critique without offending the king. Also back there King Christophe to reason, saying that "people go to their pitch, Majesty" (Act III, Scene 6). So sometimes he transformed the stage into a little comedy and educates by making people laugh.

Mrs. Christopher: She was a maid at the inn crown (Act 1, Scene 7). It is a simple person, humble and very lucid. She warned her husband of his excesses and restrains during moments of blindness. Patient wife, she assists her husband until his death.

Chanlatte: It is the national poet.

3. Opponents of the king.

Petion: It is mulatto and he tries to deceive Christopher power by offering "no crust or crumb." It is sent by the senate and he wants above all the power and ally with the French King Louis XVIII. Good speaker, he defends the cause of mulattoes. However, his Machiavellian maneuvers will turn against him, and he was replaced by Boyer.

Metellus: He is an accomplished warrior. Even if it is against Christopher, he is not with Petion. He was the comrade of Toussaint Louverture and is ready to give his life for the unity of the nation. It is about twice the level heroic Christopher.

Cornelius Brelle Gonzales and Juan de Dios: They represent the religion and the Catholic Church. They're Invalid. Cornelius Brelle claims the right to rest and the king suspected of being an ally of the whites to destabilize his regime. Besides, it will hit its spectrum King Christophe. Therefore, it is replaced during the coronation ceremony. The second, with the name of English origin is a kind of parasite and does not inspire confidence either

Other characters
The Duke of Lemonade, the Duke of Dondon, the Duke of Sale-Hole, the Duke of Piacenza, Magny ... Through the exotic name of France, lies a willingness to criticize the Western power. They will be the first to betray the king.

V. Themes

themes developed by Cesaire in this room are many. Slavery, exploitation, politics, economics, infrastructure, independence, freedom, revolt or rebellion, family, war, trust, betrayal, colonization, voodoo tradition, the work, the excessiveness of the hero, the hero's loneliness, heroism, etc.. Reading this piece makes it possible to grasp the importance and variety of themes explained by the fact that here it is the creation of a State and a State, that's all.

VI. Dramaturgy of Césaire

In the dramaturgy of Cesaire, everything rests on the historical time and space to stage both real and ideal. Briefly they can be studied as follows:

1. Space and time in the tragedy

a) Time

The first act is devoted to the period covering 1806 to 1812, that is to say from the moment of secession until the celebration of anniversary of his coronation.

Acts II and III occupy a historical time of eight (8) years and depict the reign of Christopher until his death in 1820.
Thus the playwright does not take into account the significant moments in the life of the royal court and the important decisions were taken that led to the tragic end.

b) The space

Space is often said in the room. Market Cap One, the palace, the cathedral of Cape Town, the battlefield, to Port-au-Prince, the Senate, in a bourgeois living room, etc.. These indications of specific locations create a kind of reality. And the king trail almost all places, so that the scene is very mobile
Césaire uses the prologue with a start that featured a cockfight. Thus he announces, even summarizes the jurisdiction of the room. But inside the vicissitudes of the play are interspersed with theatrical types:

2. A total theater

- the vaudeville: vaudeville is a light comedy whose plot is based largely on misunderstanding or misconception, bouncing and ribald situations and coarse. Hugonin is accomplished actor of vaudeville. During the celebration, joke provides examples: "Hey beautiful, it's not rapadou I want is you, teddy! No wall girders! Te storm, my security blanket! "
- the ballet: the choreography is performed by a troupe of dancers. It was the ballet during the celebration of the coronation of King Christophe. Playwright makes
here total theater operator in both the music the song and dance .

Conclusion

Tragedy of King Christophe has become a classic. Do not follow the rules of classical tragedy, it is mainly a mixture of modern and ancient theater, and one might even say it is an African tragedy, so it is original and differs from the Western theater. The comedy and tragedy vanishes, vaudeville is expressed, the story is the thread that leads from end to end action, music, song and dance as a ballet made the room a total theater, a theater Africa.

Aspergers Syndrome More Condition_symptoms

study of Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe Study

Introduction

The world collapses, or if you prefer "Things Fall Apart" its English title, which is a translation, has this year 2008, fifty years. And the project, the aim of its author has always been preserved in his writings an African culture alive. Fear that future generations will lose that is very justified, as the title is there emphasis on the possibility that African culture, at least the important part is lost. The study of this novel becomes an awareness of the wealth that we are losing. To better understand the book, it is necessary to revisit the life of Achebe, who in many ways, his mark on his work. We then summarize the history of the novel before studying characters and themes.

I. Biographical

Chinualumogu Albert Achebe was born November 16, 1930 at Ogidi, eastern Nigeria, Ibo parents. It is the fifth of six children of his parents, Isaiah and Janet Achebe Okafo who are devout Christians. The young Achebe began his studies at the mission school while having the opportunity to live a "traditional village life" in an environment still untouched by colonization. It is influenced by two cultures, traditional Ibo culture and English culture.

good student, nicknamed "dictionary" for his knowledge English, Achebe was awarded a scholarship and then continued his studies at Governement College Umuahia (a city that often appear in his novels) from 1944 to 1947, and the University of Ibadan from 1948 to 1953 year he obtained his BA (equivalent to a master in the French system). Before joining the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC), Achebe makes several trips to Africa and the United States and worked briefly as a teacher. He completed training at the BBC, and began working at NBC in 1954. In 1958, he wrote his first novel, "Things Fall Apart" (Things Fall Apart) in response to what he considered an inaccurate description of the lives of Africans by Europeans.

II. Bibliography

During his schooling and university, Achebe loved English literature, but also realized that some of these books portrayed Africans with racism. Achebe wanted to write a novel describing Africans as they knew them.
The novel will be a great success and is today one of the most famous, if not the most famous novel written in English by an African. The story focuses on Okonkwo, traditional wrestling, man ambitious, whose life is disrupted by changing the traditional structures of village life through contacts with Europeans. Achebe tells the consequences of colonization on the life of an African village, from the perspective of an African and described, without idealizing (some traditions could be cruel), a world that was sufficient in itself and has began to crumble with the advent of colonization.

He gets the "Margaret Wong Memorial Prize in 1959, the first in a long series of literary awards. In 1960, he published his second novel, The malaise (No longer at ease), which is subsequently his first novel. Obi Okonkwo, grand-son of the main character of Things Fall Apart (Things Fall Apart) (1958) returned to Nigeria in the 50s with a degree from an English university. He has big expectations for his future work, his salary and the prestige attached to his future social situation, but nothing goes as planned in an environment he can not control.

action of his third novel, Arrow of God (Arrow of God) (1964) lies in the years 1910-1920 in the middle colonial period. The main character is a priest, Ezuele, which won a series of important psychological victories against representative the British colonial power in the region. However, Ezuele knows defeat and madness is ultimately unable to solve the problems posed by the advent of colonization.
The book has some similarities with the world collapses insofar Ezuele, the leading intellectual and religious Okonkwo, the warrior-athlete fall, victims of the colonial power which undermines the political and religious traditions of the Ibo. Achebe wrote other novels such as A Man of the People (1967) or Anthills of the Savannah (1987). He also wrote many essays as well as works of poetry Soul Brother in 1971, Christmas in Biafra in 1973 or news.

III. Summary of the novel

Banished from his village after a series of often violent adventures, Okonkwo returns some years later and finds that everything has changed: the civil administrators and missionaries have become the masters and men of the village does not seem willing to follow him in his revolt against the colonial power.

Okonkwo prefer death to submission. This novel belongs to a novel series (The Malaise, The Arrow of God) whose action is set in a village. They depict characters from the same family and often face conflict situations arising between representatives and supporters of the tradition of modernism.

Achebe focuses on the description of an Africa whose harmony - nonetheless made without Manichaeism with its violence and injustice - has suffered the trauma of the shocking and brutal colonial settlement. Later, the denunciation of abuses and the criticism of the policies appear in the work of the novelist (The demagogue) as well as the Biafran war will be present in his story collection Girls at War. Using English, Achebe was able to give her a blast writing language African, mainly from its mother tongue, Igbo. In this, it is a precursor of an original African literary expression that has undoubtedly contributed to the success of his books distributed to several million copies worldwide.

IV. Characters

Okonkwo: He is the hero of the novel. It is not a man of reflection, but action. His reputation rests on solid personal achievements. He reported honor and glory to his village in slaying Amalinze, chat during the great battle that takes place in human memory. He was the victim of a crime .... And thus, he was exiled for 7 years in his mother country. The latter opposed the penetration Foreign much as it clung to its culture. So he would accept no domination of the West. Back at home, he committed suicide to avoid being humiliated by the White

unokai: The father of Okonkwo. It was a very lazy and had neither wife nor title. Because of his laziness, he was ashamed of his son. Unokai was deeply in debt and does not pay its debts. When a little money fell into his hands, he immediately spent partying. He left nothing to his son when he died, and was not buried because of his illness swelling. His people did not bury a swollen because they say it is an abomination to the earth. So unokai was thrown into the forest.
Nwoye: the son of Okonkwo. He hated the Ibo culture and traditions. He went so far as to convert to the new religion, Christianity.
Ikemufuna: It's a boy that was sacrificed to the clan to avoid war and bloodshed between the two villages. One day a group of men came home and talked softly a discussion with his father and they took him away from his family. Three years later, the same situation occurs again, but this time, is a journey of no return as was to be killed.
Obeirika: The hero's best friend, with whom he shared his moments of happiness and misfortune. When Okonkwo was exiled, it sold him his yams and brought him money. It also put him aware of everything that was happening in the village. The latter is less aggressive and less violent than his friend Okonkwo, but one of his most faithful friends.
Ekwefi: It is the second wife of Okonkwo. She loved the wrestling when she was younger (at that time was called the beauty of the village) is the reason why Okonkwo had won her heart in slaying Amalinze. But unfortunately for her, Okonkwo could not marry him because he was too poor to pay her dowry. However, a few years later, she fled from her husband to join Okonkwo. This was the origin of his suffering throughout his life. She will give birth several times (9) Ogbanje a (child who died after birth). Such was the punishment of a woman who commits a sin. Fortunately for her, her 10th child survived through man qu'Okonkwo doctor had committed and who managed to dig up the polished stone of the girl.
Ezinma: It's the single girl Ekwefi of the only surviving of 10 children. At 6 years ago, his mother had hopes that she came to stay, because others died before reaching one year. But Ezinma was different from others, and as an only child, she was the heart of his mother, who devoted a year love boundaries. It had all the favors that other children did not. She was a very brave girl and listened carefully to the advice of his beloved father. Thus it had he wished it was a boy and save the honor of the clan.
Mr. Brown: This is the only white missionary who showed farm where his flock was to prevent the wrath of the clan. He built a school and a hospital to conduct its conquest passively. He entered the house to inquire about the realities of the clan. Following an illness he returned to Europe.
Mr. Smith: Mr. Brown's replacement. It is as hard as the hero Okonkwo.

V. Themes

1. Ibo civilization: It is a purely African civilization because they greatly respect their customs and regulations.
Their way is very strange because they do not accept the birth of twins he considers as an abomination. They are thrown into the forest of evil spirits they called cursed forest. They did not accept either the lepers and the albino, believing that they were not human beings. They were not buried but thrown together. Their customs do not accept the argument between members of the same clan, this act appears to them as a great humiliation. Among the Ibo when someone killed a man, even unintentionally, it exiled for 7 years. And if that was frank blood, was sentenced to death. If the crime is committed by a stranger, the village of the latter gave a virgin and boy in compensation to avoid war between the clans.
2. White civilization: Whites disrupted the traditional life of the Ibos in their new culture. Some went so far as to sabotage the customs of the country of the blacks. The arrival of their faith also sowed discord in families.

Conclusion

In Achebe's novel, there is a deliberate realism. In fact the author wanted to show African society in its authentic values without the mask of modesty that characterizes its people. And if it is outside of such a society, we criminals would find some even barbaric acts. Yet it is not under the system of Chinua Achebe in Things Fall Apart. The importance of the Cursed Forest shows that the beliefs of these people were serious, true and full of mystical and meaningful values. What has been particularly admired in this novel is the rage of the hero who, for the honor, will himself whatever might cost him, especially when it came to oppose the religion of the colonial power. However the wave of converts announces the victory of the church, especially when it is young people who join it.