Zeoraima Project Hades Sub Ita

Albouri of Sheikh Aliou Ndao

Introduction

We can not address any play African Negro without a blink of an eye the birth of the African theater of writing anyway. The theater was born to William Ponty School Sébikotane. Said Bakary Traoré, students in this school who played improvisations thrilled the school principal. He decides that the theater is integrated into school activities, and are born of real parts of Africa. Since then masterpieces have emerged. These include: Tragedy of King Christophe of Aimé Césaire, The Lion and the Pearl Wole Soyinka, Chaka of Thomas Mofolo, etc.. The historical pieces are in the spotlight because they are more likely to rehabilitate black heroes and restore the historical truth. This field takes up the inevitable tragic play of Senegalese Cheikh Aliou Ndao The Exile Albouri that focuses on the famous decision to go into exile in Albouri Ahmadou Cheikhou Segou to make an alliance with him to fight the common enemy the French. After some historical background, we discuss the life and work of the author, then we will study the structure of the work, summarizing, characters, themes and drama of Sheikh Aliou Ndao.

I. Historical reminders

Birame Son of Penda, this man is from an old ruling family of Djoloff. Her genealogy we trace his grand-son Mansour Bouna Ndiaye , linking him to the famous Ndiadiane Ndiaye, the founder of the kingdom Djoloff. Contemporary Sundiata Keita, Ndiaye Ndiadiane ruled the Djoloff from 1200 to 1249. This is the famous Mansa Diolofin that had to fight the valiant Tiramakhan Taraoré on behalf of Mansa Mandingo, Makhan-Sundiata. Alboury Ndiaye, a direct descendant of this Djolofin Mansa, was a true prince, a strong nationalist and disinterested in his fierce and persistent resistance against the French intervention, did not distinguish the cause of Senegal to the Sudan, a country deeply Islamic Fighting for freedom in Africa.

For security reasons, Alboury was sent very young to the court of Damel Biram Ngone Latyr where he was raised along with the future Damel, Lat Dior Diop, a descendant of the pious and venerable Sakhéwar Fatma. And during many years Alboury was the constant companion, the faithful lieutenant of Lat Dior in which he shared the victories, defeats, the voluntary or forced exile.

Ahmadou Cheikhou in 1875 at the head of a major troop invaded Cayor. Lat Dior informed and shaped with Prince Alboury Ndiaye expedition and pursue fugitives into his native country, Djoloff, where he became recognized as the legitimate successor of Bourba Djoloff.

Alboury reign was fifteen years from 1875 to 1890. A year after his arrival, he sent M'Boumba , in Futa Toro near Boghé, an army commanded by his brother Alboury Penda, who returned victorious.

In 1886, the French broke the peace treaty, killed Lat Dior and claiming qu'Alboury had violated that treaty by refusing to send his son to a French school.

In exile Alboury left behind him a capital Yang Yang burned, crops burned and poisoned wells plugged or leaving nothing to the white invader Dodds. The latter retaliated by appointing like- Bourba Djoloff Alboury's own brother, Samba Laobe Penda, another ambitious, alongside young Damel Samba Fall Laobe , had prepared the famous battle of Guil.

As was later confirmed, see Alboury wanted to create a large Muslim empire in West Africa, under the Grand Alliance : Ahmadou Cheikhou Segou, Samori Toure of Oussoulou. Tiebas Traoré, Sikasso and Alboury Ndiaye Djoloff. It's certainly an idea that led him into exile forever walk eastward in search of independence and freedom.

II. Life and bibliography of the author

1. the life of the author

His real name Sidi Ahmed Sheikh Alioune Ndao, celebrates with Aliou Ndao Sheikh was born in 1933 near Bignona Karthiak. Son of a veterinarian, he followed his father throughout Senegal. He claims to be trained in the best school, the old men with their wisdom. He knows very well the traditions of his people, and especially the history of his people.

He spent part of his high school in Dakar and in France, then attended the University of Grenoble in France and Swansea in Britain. Former professor of English at the Ecole Normale William Ponty. He also taught in the United States in 1972 at De Pauw University in Greencastle (Indiana). He was also a cultural adviser to the President of the Republic Senegal.

2. Publications

His first collection of poems, Kairée published 1964 has won the Poets Senegalese French. It publishes also the collection Mogarienne in 1970.

His play, Exile of Albouri (1967) was staged in 1968 at the Theatre Daniel Sorano in Dakar, and was played on stages in Africa and Europe, including the Odeon (Paris) and in Belgium. Presented at the Pan African Cultural Festival in Algiers in 1969, she won first prize. Translated into English in the United States, this piece symbolizes the beginning of the historic theater in Senegal. It also identifies Isle of Baahili in 1975 The Case of Gold , The Son of Almamy , Decision , Blood for a throne or a Sunday Gouye Njuli . In 1983, it gives your Excellency wives. His new

The Marabout of drought published in 1979 is often studied in school curricula.

Partisan transcription of African languages, Ndao Sheikh is one of the few writers to have published a Senegalese novel in Wolof TILLEN Buur, King of the Medina which is now exhausted. The French version is an adaptation of the original. 30 years Later, he published in his native Wolof, his latest novel Mbaam Dictator , republished in French by Presence Africaine in 1997.

III. The structure of the work

The play is structured into nine (9) tables.

- The first table is opened on an opposition between benign and griot Beuk nek Samba. He must summon the people to the meeting under the palaver tree for the coronation of Prince Laobe Penda.

- The second table begins with the assembly of the king to deliberate on the decision of the governor broke the agreement with the kingdoms and raises his spahis against them. Before a heated discussion, the king closed the session. This table ends with a discussion between the King's sister, the queen Linguere Madjiguene Fal Seb who claims her role as wife, woman.

- The third table is the moment of a second meeting after the decision to go into exile Bourba Segu, and forming an alliance with him. Penda Laobe believes he must stay and die for the throne. Other Diarafs fall on its side, except Diaraf Slave. The Prince has already convinced some of the army.

- The fourth table shows the conspiracy Laobe Penda. He ordered his soldiers to kill Diaraf Slave who was spying.

- The fifth table is held in Queen Mother Linguere with Seb and Queen. The Queen mother tells her life in the court of her husband and the sacrifices she made.

- At the table in the sixth king, queen Seb into an intimate conversation with her husband. The king decides she will go to his brothers in Cayor, not to take part in exile. Samba comes up with the news of the treachery of Laobe Penda who comes to terms with the Governor and inform him he has to assassinate Diaraf Slave.

- In the seventh picture, we see the king's last meeting with the people who accept to follow rather than remain a slave.

- In the eighth picture, we find the king and his entourage in exile until his rear guard led by his Beuk nek. Samba take this call to tell him that the queen is the journey. She discovers the king and Queen Mother to ask forgiveness and make peace with Linguere. The arrival of Beuk nek closes this table.

- Table nine coincides with the end of the camp. Moment captured by Bourba to mention the difficulties that await the convoy, hunger, dangerous animals, climate hostile. The epilogue summarizes the tragic end of Albouri who will die in battle, and the dispersion of the people of Kano between Ndiandiane Ndiaye, Medina and Segou.

IV. The summary

The play opens with a festive atmosphere for the appointment of Prince Laobe Penda, whose courage and valor are known throughout the Djolof. Yang Yang's place is where the enthronement. This is when a warrior comes to announce the imminent invasion of the kingdom Djolof by the Governor who has just broken treaties he had signed. To cope with the threat, the king Albouri convene a meeting to allow the assembly to decide, but he was forced to suspend because of the spirits that heat. In head to head with his brother, Bourba it announces its decision to ally with the other kings against the army of the governor. Nothing but the decision to help the King of Segou, Ahmadou brought Laobe Penda in a huff, he opposes the decision of his brother. Indeed

Laobe Penda can not hide his indignation at what he considered unworthy of a leak Ndiandiane descendant. The Queen Mother Yay Mom and the Linguere Madjiguene do not share his opinion to flee, but they will eventually understand and accept exile. Before the dispute between his brother Bourba, Ardo of the Diaraf Thingue and Diaraf of Varhôh is on the side of Laobe Penda who think that honor will Ndiaye except resistance. Diaraf and slaves, loyal to the king, caught the spy is killed.

Laobe Penda will even convince some of the army to follow him, and he is sharing ammo between soldiers. When

where Albouri chatted with his wife Queen Fal Seb, the griot Samba comes to announce that Prince Laobe Penda has signed a pact with the governor. The King, still precipitated his departure approved by the people who preferred exile to slavery. And the king, worried at the beginning of the trip will go well aware that his wife is the journey to bring her moral support and even accepts reconciliation with Linguere and Queen Mother. Despite the happiness that animates it, the King made a speech full of sincerity on the adventurous journey. And as he feared his son Bouna will be removed and sent to School hostage to Ndar. King Albouri him die in battle, and the others scattered between Kano and Medina in Saudi Bambara kingdom.

V. Characters

King Albouri Ndiaye : He was born in 1842 in Thial. The playwright has to project a work of myth. Albouri or "Bourba" is King Djolof, Yang Yang and lives in its capital. It is presented as a courageous fighter, but as a wise king. He asked, calm as a good king. Also in times of crisis, he proposes to "think in peace "before making a decision. After a long stay in the Court Cayor, Albouri returns to his kingdom in 1875 and seized power, he took the title "Bourba. After the annexation of Cayor, the French find it embarrassing and hunt in 1890. In fact, in this plot, he question of his exile to preserve the honor of his lineage by avoiding the submission. He will join the troops of Ahmadou. He died far from home, to Niger.

Prince Laobe Penda : Like his brother, he is brave, and besides, he considers the battle as a duty, which earned him the rewards of his brother. Unlike his brother, Laobe Penda is spontaneous, impulsive and passionate. Stingy with words, he is a man of action. King knows him too well to say that he is "very careless sometimes" (p.55). And Diaraf of Thingue told him the same thing: "Too much rain, Laobe Penda" (p.58). So he held at all costs to fight for the protection of the throne. But against all odds, he will compromise with the Governor, in submitting.

The Linguere Madjiguene : She is the sister of King Albouri. It's a strong woman of character and a warrior.

Queen Seb Fall: She is a princess by birth. Albouri chose himself as the wife of Royal Court Cayor. She is very young, so it is capricious. But in fact it only right to claim his woman, woman to stay. For this reason, it refuses to be like her sister-Linguere Madjiguene.

The Queen Mother Yay Mom: This is the mother of Albouri. She is very understanding, especially vis-à-vis his son the king. She was with her late husband Biram a docile wife, exemplary.

Beuk Nek : He is the loyal right arm Bourba. It is part of the race of warriors. Besides he is going to lead the rearguard of the king and inflicted a defeat on the small army of Penda Laobe Sofas and the governor.

Samba : He is appointed by King Albouri griot. It embodies the religious syncretism, and do not hide it. Far from being hypocritical as it spits Beuk nek, it goes to someone who is not afraid to tell the truth. It need not be presented as it does: "But who dares to boast a quarter of my knowledge? 'Says he Beuk nek.

The Diaraf of Thingue : He governed the province of Thingue. This is another veteran of the army of the king. It is consulted by the king on the thorny issues of state. But he will side Laobe of Penda. He was killed by the battalion Beuk nek.

The Diaraf of Varhôh : He governs Varhôh, where is the cavalry of the army Djolof. As Diaraf of Thingue, it will support the Prince Laobe Penda.

Ardo : This is a Fulani warrior chief. Very lucid to understand Bourba, but he will side with the Prince.

Diaraf The Slave : This is the only one to support the king Albouri and up the pay of his life in serving as a spy.

VI. Themes

1. Treason

This theme is very present in the text. First, by declaring that they obey the finger and the eye Bourba, The Diarafs of Thingue and Varhôh Ardo and did not hesitate to abandon it, especially because Laobe Penda had mobilized the army to besiege the meeting. And they met at the Prince's knowledge Bourba of, what in fact the Diaraf Slave discovered.

Then, not content with being opposed to his brother, claiming the defense of honor, Laobe Penda did not hesitate to betray the people by accepting the protectorate of the governor.

On the other hand, the governor was the first traitor because, having signed a treaty, it breaks it without notifying co-signers, but he also attacked by surprise.

2. Honor

Honor or "jom" Senegal has always been the reason of life of kings. In the Court Djolof, honor was the cement, the strength of the people. Ardo and say: "I shall act for the happiness of our land: my honor is at the end of my spear" (p.58). And even Laobe Penda is moved by the honor for being the great fighter he is. In addition he proposed to his brother Djolof defend to the death. The opinion of Queen Mother was the same (see page 37). On the other hand, banishment Albouri is proposed by the honor. His vision is guided by the hello, and foresight led him to think of a way to save the people while maintaining the dignity of Djolof intact. He said himself, to convince his mother to the necessity of exile 'in Segou, men refuse to kowtow / Fight or die, not serve "(p.37). That honor by the queen Seb override the decision of her husband Albouri to make the trip. One way for her to keep her honor and worthy of its name: "Am I worthy of you staying at Yang Yang at such a moment? "She says (p. 84). She defends her honor by claiming she is the wife of the king not a slave (p.63).

3. Exile

Exile in the sense of Albouri, is a leak or a drain, but rather a way to attack back, and especially a way to search for alliers to face the firepower of the army of the governor. Finally for the people, the exile was the only way to stay fit and save. Also the last meeting held by the king is punctuated by the slogan of the people: "The exile rather than slavery" (seventh table pp.80-81). The real reason for the exile appears and on page 89 when the king Albouri addresses the people that followed is that he says "the enemy's boots will not work on our corpses."

4. The role of women

Through most conversations, there is a will of the playwright to show the different roles women occupy in the life of the Court, in life itself Djolof. The wife of the home is mostly implicit here, with the incessant demands of the queen Her conversation with Seb Linguere reveals the love of this woman to her husband, waiting to express her love: "Oh see my breasts that bud! Every night only to turn around in bed, eyes open. "(P.40) and adds it to the place of her sister:" I am a woman before being Queen. . It wants to have at least one child and live or motherhood: "A child! Albouri a child: "(p.74). To say that the woman whatever the situation, it plays a role alongside her husband. Also women are true warriors sometimes the image of Linguere. And Queen Seb does not say the contrary, even somewhere if it disagrees with Linguere Madjiguene: "My duty tells me to follow you," she said to the King. (P.71).

5. Courage

Courage is present in all subjects Djolof. And we do not wonder if Queen Mother Albouri meets his son: "Exile to where? No son, no! Die in your capital, in the midst of your subjects. "(P.37). Do remember she not courage for his son on page 36: "I remember the day when while you were out of town, we were besieged by the conqueror Toucouleur Bara and King Baol. That day, I thanked the Lord for having a son like you. Upon your return you killed the Toucouleur while the other fled. "

VII. The dramaturgy of Sheikh Aliou Ndao

1. Historical truth and myth

"My goal is to assist in the creation of myths that galvanize the people and carry forward. "Says the playwright in his prologue. It is therefore understood his handling of the story he knows. And through the treatment he is subjected to the story we see how he helped immortalize the king Alboury. "We have the right to break the story if it is to make it beautiful children," wrote ... .. Cheikh Aliou Ndao just managed to restore historical truth in this piece using a dramatization that reflects the court life of the great conqueror Bourba Djolof. His way of being realistic has to make available the meaning of gestures, words and actions.

2. A poetic tragedy

Besides the flights of Samba, we note that the dramatist plays on meetings to create a genuinely African poetry, made by the repetition rate, incantations and lyrical exclamations. The text begins with a celebration of the sun by Samba. "O Sun, Breath of the Ox on the savannah! Here you smile, at the end of your wedding night with the moon Sun ... Oh, Breath of the Ox on the savannah! "(P.19)

Besides the words of King often and regularly interrupted by punctuations of the people, and highly skewed to resume scansions Senghor. "Immediately! Immediately! Leo O '/' Ndiaye! Ndiaye "/" immediately! Ndiaye O! . Also refrain from such people is found in the last scene thus: "Exile, exile rather than slavery! "/" The exile rather than slavery! "

Conclusion

An African tragedy, The Exile Albouri no longer presents itself because man is a noble hero, a king, a knight, as in Greek tragedy and more recently in the classical tragedies. Extraordinary thing is that the formal point of view, part of Sheikh Ndao Aliou has nothing to Western, but the values held by characters join strangely Western values Greco-Roman example. Political matters, honor, family, love, choices are crucial as much in common that can legitimize the African theater as a theater full. The successful author is that from 1967 to today, this piece continues to teach us things, participate in the pride of the black youth who can look through the character of Albouri. Let us remember that exile is chosen here a way to get closer to our ideal of one who marries one who is closest to us despite the differences that may exist between us. But also exile also means freedom, dignity retained. Victor Hugo's exile has said: "I remain proscribed , wishing to remain standing."

Sources: Internet: Article Bocar Cissé "Alboury NDIAYE LAST GREAT Bourbe Djolof" Journal Ethiopiques No. 19, July 1979

Thank You Note Wording For Diaper Pail

Changing the subject a little.

I spent a wonderful day last Sunday in sunny silence of my room at Muyange. It was the first time I was really alone, the first grouping IFADEM that ended yesterday. And casually, it is also good to be alone, to have a little time to go through all these events, past, present.

I read. I finished a book, which I'll probably here about what happened not far away. A dark light that does not enlighten least part of the context in which I live, but that the news tends to make less visible today. My

open daily in December 2007.

Aragon as well, and the manual Eyes of Elsa which allows to understand the context, again, in which the revival was born of his poetic writing and the birth of a national song, from The heartbreaking. The strength of the eponymous poem ... Night of Dunkirk, More beautiful than the tears, The Song Elsa and all the others, which are strung together a collection like so many cogs participants a new vision and a fighter.

Helen Martin listened as person who can sing Aragon, and his voice a Journal in which she retraces the journey of poetry in his singing to her.

I'm back down to earth. I reread my notes, my problem confronted with new data collected, removed what I had not the means to understand a few weeks ago and finished the paper on the first reunion for PJ Loiret.

I started writing a fun story, a project with Maya ..

Opening a written note to replay part of Calderon Life is a dream , I found some thoughts I had placed there one evening forgotten.

They took the form of a poem, I argue here, and I accompany the singing of Helen Martin, who has never left me.

Other minor things too, but I'm doing a site ... I give the address when it is completed.

Helen Martin sings Aragon

PLAYERS CARD

We are the dream images that run through us
Clouds of our desires and They die their ashes
ever before we are reborn and burn We
again before us is one that man inhabits
And that always filled the glasses
We are full of angry players drunk
Of Love and distress
ignorance and hypnosis
We rely on another when the overflow is raging
Not because we want to give or take something
But because we know nothing
contain storm And when the alarm comes from our hearts that resonate
We are does nothing more than desire shapes
A road

A path is where he will flourish
new dawn It's Love

Desire
One is the gardener of the nature of the other

Testicular Pain More Condition_symptoms

Small arrangements with friends

me back to town and my first love, Céprodilic.

strange contradiction phenomena of acclimatization ... It does really sense the change that is confronting the same again, at different intervals.

Back in Bujumbura, after two weeks in the mountains of Kayanza, has had the effect of reviving me, conversely, the timidity of the early days. Shyness when I mentioned already, in no uncertain who ventures to meet profit a new direction, but I fully realized now that I walk carefree through the streets day and night.

But as cities are mad when we leave the country! I have not spent a day here and already I want to find the variations of green hills, the smell of cows and chickens, calm and smiling Muyange the nuns ... And yet, maybe tomorrow already, the city would have made me the envelope of the city.

For now everything here is galling. The light from the sun offensive on steel, heat that feeds the asphalt heavy overflows odor, the urban landscape in perpetual motion and all these people, the world that puts being relentlessly. Horns that replaced the song of birds.

Life is too expensive in town, just 3 times more than up there. Of course, the value of things is relative, and "expensive" in itself is still cheaper than Paris. But comparing the price of bread in Burundi francs at a price of EUR rod is as absurd as to understand the reality here in terms of what it is there. Adapt, but also as achieving compliance with the value of things.

Even if success is necessarily more or less illusory, it must nevertheless be trying to get rid of an eye to adopt a new one, at least if we want to have any chance to understand something in a different reality.

And the relationship with money is to them.

I lived in India for a year, not driven by any of sacred pleasures of the Orient, but rather by the desire to see what lay behind the images d'Epinal. I returned several times to learn the music and speak the language, studied for three years until the INALCO license. All for daring to compare a new, not very bad, do not worry: the relationship with money here remember what it was there ... Damn, What comment! What do you want, you do not learn to play piano with the pedals ...

But I digress ... and talkative

I was saying ... money. Everyone needs money, and here as elsewhere, can be easily understood. Then everyone makes small services, each, for a fee. And knowledge are preferred. Which moves on a motorcycle-so, who sells his cow's milk in the morning the neighbor, who rents the services of its expert hand screwdriver and who knows when well handled in the event of a power outage, which rents the trunk of his taxi the bus or going downtown for shipments of onions. In short, the lack of decently paid work made all activities. I do not know if we found it in the end, it is certain that it is more likely , to use phraseology Rwandan likes adjectives.

Emphasis will therefore trade with friends, unlike Europe, where such transactions are not without a little embarrassment, is precisely because we have, ideally at all levels of society, security of an activity more or less pay, and that relative affluence allows the adage we do not charge friends . If your neighbor rings your home because his ceiling to toast on a Sunday, you do not make him pay the bulb. But here, if your bulb has burned out, your neighbor will suggest you replace it. And everyone will win!

We exchanged between the more knowledge you know you will recover its sub the next day ... It is a system that is both necessary and useful and which emphasizes the relationship between group members, each enjoying the other's skill. What made me think about it, the fact of not having thought exactly when I could have a favor to Joseph. A friend had just missed the last bus to Bujumbura and started looking to find a motorcycle taxi. That evening I told it to Joseph :

"And they paid how much?"
"15 or 20,000 I believe."
"Oh, if you asked me, I called my bike and I won 15,000 francs!"

Yep .. And everyone would have won, because the passenger is a friend Joseph and Joseph because the passenger is a friend ...

I had the feeling it has lost 15,000 francs this evening and I promised myself to be careful in the future.

The opportunity was not long ...

few days later I was talking to Anatole who had just organized the dinner for the week IFADEM trainers, who would not eat Muyange. He explained all the benefits there is to know how to cook:

"At home when I was young we had a groom. But my mother was modern and she learned to cook by myself saying it would serve me forever. And you see today! For example, the market, it costs an egg ... 200 FBU. And in a restaurant, an omelet, it costs ... 1000 ... C FBU ' Yet is not hard to make an omelet, and it is a winner! "

So when he suggested that I eat at school in the evening before going home, I did not hesitate!

Bladder Problems More Condition_symptoms

The arrival of drummers

Coeliac Disease More Condition_symptoms

Meanwhile the drummers ... When y '

Inauguration of the IFADEM, Kayanza, April 3, 2009

South Park Fish Sticks Streaming

Responsibility in Night Flight Saint Exupery

PLAN

 

Introduction

I. Qu’est-ce   que la responsabilité ?

II. The responsibility of drivers

III. Work and Responsibility

IV. Responsibility and freedom

Conclusion

Introduction

work whatsoever shall be time to accomplish a task. Thus, the head is often in a job one that should be rewarded positively or negatively. That is why the work of aviation is a time during which we can measure the responsibility of each agent. The responsibility is a commitment on the part of drivers, but also the whole team around the company's chief river. To analyze the responsibility in the novel Night Flight , it seems necessary to examine in turn the meaning of accountability, the responsibility of drivers, and finally the relationship between work and commitment to responsible different actors.

I. What that responsibility?

1. Definition of

The dictionary is the responsibility defined as an obligation on a person or institution to answer for his actions because of the role or expenses that the person must assume and bear all the consequences. And must add that the head requires an acceptance and a commitment to fulfill its mission and suffer the consequences as a result any damage. When it comes to the responsibility of each member in a company like the one headed by Chief River, any decision or act obliges the worker accountable.

2. responsibility as characters

The word manager has a sense of course generally, but in Night Flight each character has a certain understanding of his role, that is to say of his responsibility. River for example, the responsibility is a heavy task and it is synonymous with life we hold hands. Besides, he is like Tantalus or Atlas who carried the world on his shoulders, so he is responsible. And that's why he told Robineau: "You have almost the lives of men." Robineau what he himself knows well because he says Pellerin turn to the gravity of the decisions he must take (p.61). The responsibility is so heavy that Riviere never stayed quiet as its planes were in heaven the moment he was "responsible for the entire network" to read on page 32. The narrator is also in agreement with him because he did mail a job where drivers are responsible for the happiness of people who are to receive letters. (P.44)

II. The responsibility of drivers

1. The pilot and his aircraft

Here each driver is responsible for its first tool working plane. In full flight, his companion, the radio, which is responsible for establishing contact with the ground crew. However, engine maintenance is the responsibility of engineers and laborers. This responsibility that every driver, regardless of its location in the sky to bring in ground the aircraft.

It is therefore understandable that Robineau critical "to mount a pump-type B6 confused with the pump type B4" (pp.51-52).

2. The pilot and his teammate

Both the driver is responsible for his camera, so also is responsible for his teammate, and even others, we think of his wife or his family, other people he does not know and he is happy in his hands. It is for this reason that on page 71 the responsibility of Fabien is suggested by the narrator of the story: "the radio thought that after all the driver was responsible. ...".

In total, each pilot is responsible for himself and his tool. Responsible also for men (women and comrades), Fabien "held in his hands the beating heart of his friend and his own" (p. 138)

III. Work and Responsibility

1. The size of the mission

Company generally has the heavy responsibility of the happiness of many people, those who expect the mail or messages from those letters. River and believes that "in every crowd, there are people that we do not distinguish, and which are prodigious messengers" (p.40) They are being compared to prophets saw the greatness of their mission. The importance of this responsibility in the work that the three drivers "in the night, meditate their flight" (p.27). And "it seemed that River raised a very heavy weight at arm's length has always been: an effort without rest and without hope." (Pp.28-29).

The woman driver of the mail in Europe will understand the magnitude of the driver her husband when she argues that "in an hour, [the arms of her husband] would mail the fate of Europe, responsible for something great, like the fate of a city. And she was troubled. This man, among the millions of men, one was prepared for this strange sacrifice. "

2. The penalty charge

The penalty is always the consequence arising from a liability. In Night Flight, the responsibility is the fulfillment of a duty, and any responsible act is severely punished positively or negatively River which is here by the leader who must enforce the regulations. So after the success of the pilot Pellerin, River congratulate indirectly when he said "how did you manage?" (P.42). Cons by any weakness results in punishment to the head. Roblet, the head of a bad job, will be returned. Yet it was he who set up the 1 st plane Company. Suite this decision, River explains: "Am I right or wrong? I do not know. If I hit, failures decrease. The responsible , this is not the man is like a dark power that is never touched, if it does not affect everyone. If I was really just a night flight is a chance each time of death "(p.84). Despite everything you can think of River, it is inhuman, harsh, authoritarian, he is only doing his duty of a responsible head, and he believes himself: "It is not I fired him and, suddenly, the evil of which he was not responsible , perhaps, but who passed by him. "

IV. Responsibility and Freedom

Accept a job is therefore a priori be free, because we have a choice. But it also post be responsible for any act performed in carrying out its work. So we will not object, "I did not Express "on River when he says" it's not that I dismissed him and suddenly, the evil of which he is not responsible, but who passed by him. " (p. 86). If the drivers are freer to heaven, he is not the same for the other ground, the inspector, secretaries, laborers, etc..

In Terre des hommes de Saint-Exupery, Guillaumet was responsible for him, mail and comrades who hope (...) a little responsible for the fate of men, to the extent of his work. "

This responsibility is alienating to the extent that man is driven by an inner force control. So man can he claim to absolute freedom:

"These plains, the cities, the mountains ... He (the driver of the mail in Europe) go free, it seemed to him , in their conquest. "(p. 95)

Conclusion

As just seen, the responsibility lies throughout the novel, since it not only accompanies the fulfillment of a duty, but also the mere fact of accepting to do this duty. So the responsibility is even greater if one is responsible for the lives of men. River whose hands the lives of its pilots to whom he imposes dangerous night flights, the mechanics are responsible for the safety of aircraft and engine, and drivers, owners of the joys of couriers. So everyone is responsible in the chain of life. We note that being responsible is to accept a duty and the fill or face sanctions.

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Rejuvacote Duri Las Vegas

fruit, there's no omelette

Kayanza is located 1:30 Bujumbura, 20 km from the Rwandan border. More than just a place but a shift in the mountain, around which were built houses and shops. But it is the intersection of two roads, one of which went to Rwanda and Uganda and one to Tanzania.

Kayanza is a crossroads.

High School Teaching, which takes place IFADEM , lies atop a hill, 3 kms from the city. Whereas at the bottom there are saying ... not much up there there a. .. nothing, nothing sound like the scrapings of a throat burp in a sandstorm ...

"But the campaign is beautiful," I said, quite correctly, Pierre-Jean Loiret, Associate Director of Program Innovation by Information Technology and Communication to the AUF ...

Yes ... The countryside is very pretty.


But then, the idea I had formed of the place where I spent the next two months has been far short of reality ... I had some notion of for nothing still traveled a lot, sometimes in places not easily accessible, but then I confess that I found better school.


I got off the car on the median Desert High School swept by the wind and I immediately understood the meaning of the enigmatic smile of Jibril, a few days earlier, when m has designated low-cons, but quickly, like that between two "Bin there, it is ...", the house where I was going to stay.


few students, not yet gone on vacation, looked at me amused. I saw only the red earth around me, and clouds over the buildings, the surrounding hills surrounded by fog and distance, the distance that separated me to this city.

I met Gideon, the head space technique IFADEM, with whom I live. At this point in history, even if I'm already a little less, I expected to share a little "flag" (I said they had used the term "villa" to designate the place) with a person, Gideon. Instead of a flag I found a great house in which lived already six high school teachers singles, plus a visiting friend for 3 or 4 months ..


Arriving home, I was introduced cows, whose pen was attached to the window of what was soon to be my room. Cows are Joseph, which sells milk in the city and has a motorcycle too, but walking because his bike is the taxi, down the hill. Joseph is an English teacher in high school. It has resources, still stands upright and speaks so elegant in French, even if it is above all very anglicizing proud, and I do not understand when he speaks in that language.

One enters the home ... Built in 1989, it houses so the single high school teachers. Who says unmarried women said no, and says no women, said person to the household. It's simple, I believe that the household has never been done in this house in twenty years. For soil, it still passes, we will not quibble. No, I'm talking toilets and the shower (next to the toilet ...). Even in India in the worst places, I think a crack in the roof allowed the monsoon rains lather lost a piece of soap in the bowl ... Here, I have watched the ceiling was intact ...


severe depression I began to understand and gradually the hidden meaning of all the euphemisms that were used to describe me the place when, after a hallway without light, I was appointed my room.

"Well, the lock is a bit capricious ..."

The door finally opened and made me discover a room with dirty walls, the smell of cow, in which Richard, the friend of passage for a long time, began gathering business.

"Ah yes, your room was occupied until now, but it will just move!" In fact

moving, Richard crossed the aisle to go Gideon ... I became more and more comfortable ...

the empty room, I found myself in a grim and bare land with only a mattress that Gideon had bought for me. But beware, there are mattresses and mattress! I had been entitled to the best of its kind, a mattress-Doma Doma imported from Tanzania, please! On the backs of men I suppose, since cost me a whopping of 100 000 FBU, the equivalent of 60 euros, the monthly salary of a part of the public early in their careers ... At that price, and given the proven quality of the specimen, I could hardly imagine what people slept in the region ...


"Well .. Well, thank you Gideon And ... uh ... There are sheets, a blanket and a pillow ... or not?"
"Oh, no .. I was just told that you needed a mattress."
"Ah ..."
"We'll go buy it in town then!" My

bedding cost me a total of 100 euros (though I avoided the pillow, when I saw the cloud of dust which was hiding behind the square of cloth stuffed the merchant was hitting me in the street after pulling the bottom of the lowest floor of the shelf) and have made me ... 4 days. I guess

Gideon resell again the mattress, I would not go with the back ...

Leaving the house, despite my best efforts to hide my dismay, I was, I believe, livid, voiceless, and furiously annoyed at the idea of spending two long months before me in my villa Burundi ..

They returned to the cows and Gideon said with an air conciliatory
"Yes, it's not easy eh ... "
" To whom? For teachers? "
" No, for cows, they never leave. "

PJ Loiret was long gone in his 4x4, back to Bujumbura, and I stood there not knowing what to do or say in what I thought was the terminus of the end of the world, lost the top of my butt in a school with broken windows in desert warfare, far, far away from pollution reassuring the city. ... Ah, the charm of the countryside. .. No idea what it's really the other way when one is born Norman ...


I just feel like a remake of the local SAW, but with nice people ... Landing here have me aghast still allowed to meet with Joseph, Anatole Leonard and Oswald with whom I became friends since.

Four days later, after two unsuccessful attempts to shower under a trickle of water to form a room whose walls slid the glistening multitude of all organisms that thrived there in the permanent humidity, I decided to leave home, Gideon and his mattress and find refuge elsewhere (and in touch, politely, two words to my director ...)


In desperation mingled with a sense of shame at the same time. .. Shame that this filth m'insupporte at this point shame to throw up going to the bathroom every morning, ashamed of my disgust and shame of my own. But after two nights, I remembered that I had visited places in India, where houses had been allowed, at 4000 meters in the mountains, among people who had nothing but their roof, but living in a healthy place. Exactly, these people, it was family ... Well cleanliness is not a luxury for rich countries, and if the single here are not fucking doing housework is not my problem! I'm "single" I learned to use a sponge and I was not hanging out with twenty years of grime other! It's hard enough collocation, then takes a minimum anyway ...

But like everything else in life when we try to have an open mind two days later I got used to my nightmare ...

is going to play ping-pong among sisters two days later that I caught the sudden hope of a better future ... African Catechetical Institute at Muyange, that's where the sisters live, 1 km from school, further down the mountain. He was a former language center, built by missionaries so long ago that nobody remembers when, so that all gospel preachers learn Kirundi before going missions around the country. Build the strong and well built, a large wild garden shaded by giant pines on top of which lives a community of hawks, a nightclub downstairs with moult Amstel and ping-pong ... What a paradise!


I m'enquerrai the price of the night with Sister Beatrice, who, beaming, his eyes sparkling with the love of his neighbor and her purse, invited me to open the door to a lovely room in which sat a real bed, with a real mattress cheaper than Doma-Doma, a large table for the study, a bookshelf, a sink and soap! Maïgode! A place owned by women! old book that smells, not musty, a window onto a garden and the garden of the nuns frolicking in making bouquets! All I needed was the air guitar a jolly boy scout in vigil to complete the picture of my rebirth! My life had a purpose again, a direction, a focal point: My new ambition was to live with the nuns!


The next day I went down to Muyange, chitchat with Father Norbert, a senior official with Our Lord for all these bright cores, whose eyes sparkled with a love even more steadfast than that of Sister Beatrice. We chitchat a lot Father Norbert and me, because he really loves his neighbor ... more than my purse could not afford me ... But we finally agree on a month and a half room at half price and omelet in the morning.

"Uh ... (honey honey honey) you take what the morning?"
"I heard that you had bread ..."
"Yes! Ca, bread, there always!"
"From the omelet?"
"Eggs, too, there are a. .. You drink what? Coffee? Okay ... Um ... (bottom of the pot of honey) Anything else?"
"Uh ... I do not know ... maybe Fruits ?
"Ah ... (P'ud honey) as you take fruit ...
"Aha! Noooo! Worry, you know, I have simple tastes ... I will ... the same thing as you!"

In the end, I sometimes fruit. But when there 's the fruit, there's not an omelette ...

Grand Mal Seizure More Condition_symptoms

Meanwhile, Thae ... From

Snipe Sailboats Diagrams

gender inequality

Flipping a guide for teachers today, I came across an excerpt from an article in Our Bookstore in which journalists have asked men, Benin, Cameroon Togo and they just felt that women become their equal ...

While with us it is politically incorrect to make such equality in question, and must weigh his words if we dare to say otherwise at risk of being accused of sexism if one speculates that often equal to bags of cement loaded on the back, a man travels a distance generally greater than that of women, I find their answers on the balance edifying persistent in more traditional societies than ours, where models, religious or other influence that we know more. And even if, by nature, I do I can store in their opinion, he is certainly more justified in this particular context, the barking of our national Soral, though it screams the contrary, I think too often the opportunity to be hearing on the subject ...

The problem is that trying too hard to make everyone equal, and the stick both ways, it has completely lost the sense of the word equality in this context, namely the equal rights. This is a fight, which many men are also participating, and even if it is not won, women now have the means to be heard.

But it is precisely the inequality of men and women in many other areas, we are talking about physics (thankfully!), Feelings or social life, which makes women and a kind Merit sometimes superior to men, even if they have too often that honor while the men keep the flowers ...

So the universalist confusion of genres, for which there is no longer a topic at the top of which the woman is expected to move at the same level or just above the men, I tell them this: Go on lastminute.com and enjoy a trip ...

• Are you Equality between men and women?

A: Oh! Madam, is it not that God created man and woman? Good. He created man and woman very low, good. How can they be equal? It is not possible, God does not want, did not want. ( a young man of 26 years )

A: Equality is not possible, even if they say on radio, in newspapers, here and there, and we too say, when we asked him: 'Okay, you have equality, women are the equal of man "is merely repeats what to say. Anyway, this is contrary to tradition, religion, etc..

And why make such equality? You see how our girls understand that equality? The pants, cigarettes, freedom of manners, etc.. And at the same time, we must always pay, pay for them: the dresses, wigs, perfumes ... always money. Meanwhile, we should be working eh! because they do not understand that to work in a company or an office does not fill the pockets. ( A man working in a construction company. )

A: My wife can not be my equal, it was not at school! ( framework )

• The act of going to school thus provides something for equality between men and women?

A: Sure! One that was known at school. So we can talk with her, discuss and make him understand why it is or can be our equal. But the other, it is not possible because she does not care about these things ... One that is more educated either, unless she is highly educated, but should not she be more educated than her husband if she does not respect more.

I-catcher Console — Web Monitor

Not so tough

- Ca va?
- Good.

But once the sun had passed the houses:

- Ca va?
- Ah! I'm fa-ti-ho! (With 3 "f" and one very fat as in pasta)

In Bujumbura, the heat is overwhelming.

White is very low in Africa, it looks like a giraffe in a zoo, a rabbit without ears, a bobtail we mowed; evidence that physiologically, its natural environment is also ... It lacks the leather, thick skin, thick shoulder without too much pain to get to the end of the day ...

Outside, immediately, I feel like these skinned moving cross exposure scientific-sensational " Our Bodies Revealed open", or as a leg of lamb on the grill, for those who have missed ... I literally roasted on site, and moults cream with layers I coated to keep the flesh tender are useless, they are hopelessly mixed with streams of sweat that sweeps over me whenever I left the shade ..

Shadow ... That word makes sense here. The rarity value is shade. It is measured by the heat it does when the leaves and causes the gratitude lavished immense when a tree in the middle of a desert. It's not for nothing that the decorative function of trees here, along roads or to decorate a garden, here becomes a social function, and gives full meaning.

The baobab tree is the benevolent control of all kinds of transactions during the day, councils and boards, and rest against which leans against the dusk. The tree is an inn here naturally.

But for now, I'm in the street. A hat, sunglasses, too many clothes, always too many clothes ... I agree with the Invisible Man the same strangeness, except me ... (Size difference if any) I am very visible! Easy prey, bright, rare, medium rare, the crossroads of all the glowing eyes.

it is dangerous, first, to set foot outside! But to where? The left and right offer the same unknown, walking is disturbing because we do not know the purpose. So we pretended we looking for a hairdresser in the area, a cyber cafe, grocery store, and it absorbs all the new information from more than usual, oh! in hopes of forcing the absolute mystery a day new to be conciliatory.

And little by little, very quickly indeed, we find ourselves at home in the main street citizens when they have identified the anchors that help to navigate. And we play to return to stay even, a little history to imagine how far we will be able to go.

Like this transition, the imperceptible moment of panic when the simplest things becomes a new threshold, the switching of normality a referent to its opposite.

The most innocuous encounter is a moment of celebration, crossing a road, an adventure.

I read, write, listen ... Be in danger awakens the senses.

Alopecia More Condition_symptoms

Meanwhile, Thae ...

Mount And Blade Unlocked

A lie repeated a thousand times becomes a truth

On the first morning, discovering the city, I already can not help but feel cheated again by the sensationalism of our society that has since long neglected due to the contact belly.

was a vain effort to repeat, there is always more or less trapped in the glue of illusion pictures that make you take a (necessarily) a sad accident to claim generality. It is thus all the images we are shown on Africa although now the time gives the appearance of the sensational stories or authority of reflection.

Everything I have ever seen in Burundi before my departure was related to the terrible murder of albinos, whose members turned into amulets or different elixirs of longevity, good health and sustainable peanuts are sold by Wizards ...

This is not a single item on which I'd dropped at random from my research in preparing for my departure, no, it's a deluge of unhealthy images chosen deliberately to revulsion. It is telling mothers the most dreary details of the death of their child, remains on display as if they were stagnant from the carcass of a sheep abandoned after Eid el-Kebir. Modesty spared no pain, after all it's so far out there, where-it already? Ah ... Africa! Misery, all that these practices of another age, this wild country inhabited by witches and women half naked. We enjoy without the say of the horror of these images, at noon in front of Canal +, and the beautiful medal of our civilization is shinned it for cheap ...

course these atrocities exist, but why did you choose to talk? Qu'apportent truly these images except the satisfaction unconscious of a perverse curiosity? Why now? Why not all the other countless atrocities committed in every country in the world? And why is not it an article, but a complete set of media that gets stuck, as if he had to pass the pipe as a courtesy, good thing the week has to go everywhere. Doe has heard on the radio? Well I've seen on TV! Ah! it was horrible, the pictures and everything!

And someone up there, satisfied, rubs his hands. Air contrite, even a little bit ...

Contradicting the lie was the Honourable Ryszard Kapuscinski, who died in 2007, which I highly recommend the reading of Ebony and Travels with Herodotus, and all his other books published in French elsewhere.

It summarizes, with the same punctilious concern for accuracy that characterizes his other texts, this abrupt transition between two antagonistic realities of the world in the reflection of the media:

( full )

"Advanced technologies have led to a proliferation of media. What are the consequences? The main finding is that information is a commodity whose sale and distribution can yield significant profits. Formerly, the value of information was associated with various parameters, especially that of truth. It was also designed as a weapon to promote political struggle. The memory is still vivid of students who, at the time of communism, the streets were burning copies of party newspapers with cries of " The press lies to us! . Today, everything has changed. The price depends on the information demand, the interest it arouses. What is important is for sale. Information will be considered worthless if it is unable to interest a wide audience.

The discovery of the commercial aspect of information has triggered an influx of big business to media. Idealistic journalists, these dreamers in search of truth who ran ago newspapers were often replaced at the head of media companies, by businessmen.

All those who visit the editorial offices of various substrates can easily see what change. Formerly, the media were installed in buildings of second category and had offices close, dark and poorly laid out, swarming with journalists ragged and penniless, surrounded by mountains of records in disarray, newspapers and books. Today, just visit the premises of a major television: the buildings are stately palaces, all marble and mirrors. The visitor is guided by -hostesses models through long corridors caulked. These palaces are now the seat power which had formerly only the presidents of states or heads of government. This power is now in the hands of the bosses of the new groups media. "

Here in Bujumbura, I must admit that the image I had formed the "fourth most poor in the world ", differs significantly from the reality that I learn to discover. I expected it jumps me down the throat of the plane. For now it is not. The streets are clean, in good condition. So far everything seems to work just about if not the first time, at least second.

Prudence, of course, and reserve not apply to an entire reality I dread just experience a night and my first hours here.

But still, I can not repress a certain feeling of shame in discovering the distance between the image that had me unconsciously built in its true purpose. A sense of shame that is echoed in the ridiculous abundance of my first aid kit ...

But I am vigilant and look to see what the future holds for me ... I'm still in Bujumbura, the capital, but soon I will go into the mountains, where life is harsher in Kayanza, twenty kilometers from the border with Rwanda.

Jibril spent a week there ... and has an uneasy smile when he hears that I will spend two months ...