Introduction
The Suns of Independence is the perfect illustration of the social crisis that affects the Malinke group. The Malinke had a political and economic power across Horodougou until the arrival of French. The establishment of colonization with its corollaries lead to the ruin of Representatives Malinke. He therefore asked which of the former leaders.
The novel has autobiographical elements, a prince Kourouma Malinke not its origins, drew upon himself to create the character of Fama. It also looked like a lot to Fama and Balla, other authentic character of the novel. The elements of reality are very present in the text, and it adds historical elements.
I. Biography and bibliography
1. Presentation of the author
Ahmadou Kourouma was born in Ivory Coast to Boundiali in 1927 to a princely family of the ethnic Muslim Malinke. He spent part of his childhood in Guinea. At the age of 7 years, it is supported by his uncle who brought to the rural primary school. In 1947, he entered the entrance to the professional school of Bamako. In 1949, He was arrested as strike leader and sent to Cote d'Ivoire. He eliminates his stay and he was enlisted in the corps of riflemen for service three years. It is broken down a few months later, he went to France to continue his studies in 1955. It was at Lyons that his interest in literature and art of writing becomes clearer. Upon his return to Côte d'Ivoire, he began writing the novel that became The Suns of Independence he published in Montreal, Canada in 1968, and Seuil in Paris in 1970. He died in December 2003.
2. Bibliography After
The Suns of Independence, whose publication was rejected first in France, because French is corrupted by turns, the shortcomings of Negro speak. We wait almost twenty years to see publication in 1990 of Monné, contempt and challenges Editions du Seuil, where he painted the colonial period. In 1999, will appear Pending the vote of wild beasts which denounces didacteurs Africa, and in 2000 Allah is not obliged where he talks about the civil wars that gave birth to child soldiers. Kourouma is also the author of a play Tougnantigui in 1972.
II. Summary and composition of the work
1. Abstract
Fama, Malinke prince, and last descendant of the traditional chief of Doumbouya Horodougou, was not spared by the wind of independence, even because of his status. Accustomed to opulence, independence bequeathed to only legacy of indigence and misery, a national identity card and that the single party. Went to live with his wife Mpho far from the land of his ancestors, Fama seeking alms, will be obliged to survey the different funerals to ensure their daily lives. Although unable to give offspring to perpetuate the reign of Doumbouya, it will devote himself body and soul to small businesses in order to live his household. Excised and raped in her youth by the marabout Tiécoura fetish, she will keep forever the memories of his awful moments when she has suffered. Shortly after, the death of his cousin Lacina, Fama was to succeed to the throne of the capital Nikita Togobala. His return him to discover its history, the glory of his lineage and his legacy insignificant for a dynasty once rich, prosperous and respected. Unfortunately, independence disrupted everything, the system policy and leadership. Fama, however, decided to live in the Republic of Ebony with his second wife Mariam is the legacy of his cousin Lacina. Despite the advice of the healer and freed slave Balla, Fama set off for the Republic during political instability. Accused of plotting to assassinate the President and overthrow the regime, he was arrested and imprisoned before being tried. Sentenced to twenty years and released in full dignity of a free man died with Fama a dynasty and its history.
2. composition
The novel revolves around three parts. The first covers two chapters, the second and third in five. The articulation of the assembly is ensured by flashbacks, ellipses and anticipation, punctuated by real ages.
III. Characters
Fama : He is the hero of the story. He is very tall and very black. He has white teeth, and gestures of a prince. Although it is reduced to nothing, he remains faithful to the traditions of his tribe and continues to wear the costumes of yesteryear. In Malinke, his name means "king" or "chief." It is the last legitimate descendant of the prince of Horodougou. He became a beggar, a "scavenger" as they say, he who was raised in wealth. The sterility of his wife Mpho ends his hopes of an heir. This lonely old man and fallen will invoke the death will find in dignity.
Salimata : Mpho is a woman without limit in the goodness of heart. She has regular teeth, very white skin and ebony. It provokes the desire. The fact that her husband has another woman under one roof makes it hysterical. The past years have not weakened in its charm and beauty. It remains the right woman, pure courageous and beautiful. His life was turned upside down by her circumcision and rape. And she even escaped being raped a second time by another marabout Abdoulaye. Disappointed by the life she leaves her husband knowing that she could not bring peace to it.
Tiécoura : He is the healer in the box which Salimata fainted following the pain of circumcision, will be violated. Tiécoura marabout is a fetish, air frightening, disgusting and savage. He will remain in the imagination of Mpho. So she will refuse her first husband because of her "stank Bafi a Tiécoura stayed and warmed." His gaze looks than the savannah buffalo black hair braided and are loaded with amulets and attacked by a swarm of flies that cause nausea and horror. He has a wider nose, with nostrils separated by deep gullies. He wears earrings of copper and has a neck stuck in the shoulder by the shackles of witchcraft. Her lips are collected, pouting and her gait is unsteady.
Abdoulaye : It was a famous marabout, "Long before seen, Mpho had heard of marabou witch Hadj Abdoulaye. He will try to abuse it, and she later received a blow that will not forget.
Mariam: It does not appear much in the text. It is often referred to by other characters. Unconscious, irresponsible and acting reflexively especially at first, it is becoming more and more openly Fama and causes even forgetting grief. Fama's second wife, she is the cause of hysteria Salimata. She is beautiful, haunting, the perfect woman for the rest of the days of a man. In his lively eyes, we read the tenderness and temperament. She is more beautiful and attractive as Mpho. Despite his strong character, she still shows a small smile. But Fama in town, it will the first to abandon and desert and the marital home without any remorse. It's very light and a woman "she is lying like a toothless, she flies like a foo ..." said Diamourou.
Balla: the old freedman blind man is a big and fat. He always wears clothing hunter and is not hesitant. Swarms of flies revolve around his puffy face and into the hollow eyes and ears. Her hair braided and loaded charms give him an air of grotesque that does not lessen the fear that emanates from him. He compares himself to an old dog or a hyena alone. Is the character most committed to the traditions and history of his people. Indeed it was he who interprets dreams, foretold the future and indicates the steps to take in certain circumstances. Fama also warned it of his death should he return to the Republic.
Diamourou : the griot is one of the few characters to adapt to the subtleties of independence. He shares with long experience in Balla village.
IV. Themes
1. The town and village
The description of the city reflected the will leaves symbolically to contrast the condition of blacks and the whites. On one hand we have the opulence of the buildings in concrete, the other poverty boxes. The village of Togobala Fama is the place for survivals of customs and traditions, the place of memory and return to basics. But during this period of independence, the village offers no hope or prospect, as Fama prefer returning to town.
2. Infertility Infertility
is brushed into the text through the couple Salimata Fama, but this idea extends beyond the couple and the tribe, the country in the world Malinke. It symbolizes the unproductive and unable to assume responsibility and conservation of some species.
3. Traditions and beliefs
Night is presented as responsible for poverty, and men are attentive to the behavior of animals. Death is regarded as a passage into the invisible. The legal requirements are also discussed to humanism, fatherhood, solidarity, hospitality but also the duty of childbearing for both man and woman.
4. Religion
Religion Muslim and animist practices coexist, overlap when it comes to conjuring a curse or a favor to ask God or the occult powers of the beyond. This explains the presence of Balla and Tiécoura beside piles Diamourou and Fama. The synthesis is even done by Fama.
5. Excision
The test is difficult and painful at the base of all the sufferings of Mpho. In his description, the narrator tells both questions, meaning, atmosphere and personality of the one that operates without forgetting the traditional songs and lamentations of practitioners.
6. Independence
The novel tells the disappointment of the Malinke who find themselves with political prestige lost because of colonization. Thus the emergence of a new political class that rejects the traditional political class, is the son of the slave regime.
7. Bastardy
The idea of illegitimacy runs throughout the novel, is found in the final frenzy of Fama as the last insult. She takes this meaning varied which reduces to the idea of authenticity and legitimacy that Fama bears. Moreover, according to his embittered (unhappy) who does not understand that things are finite and they never return.
V. Style
By folding the French language requirements of thought and language structures Malinke, Kourouma gave his narrative vigor and striking relief. While some cried foul, others were attracted by the originality of the author. Therefore, it becomes appropriate to compare the story in the universe Malinke "I can not express Fama inside and then I tried to find Malinke style. I was thinking in Malinke, I put myself in the shoes of Fama to introduce the thing, "said Ahmadou Kourouma.
Indeed, the author has deliberately twisted the necks of the French language to better highlight his ideas. This explains the predominance of expressions typical Malinke in the work. And the number of metaphors, images and forms purely Malinke give the novel its local color and originality.
VI. Meaning of the work
The Suns of Independence connotes moral and physical decline, poverty, or disappointment data independence. Announced as the new world release period and pomp seen as the negation of an authentic world, traditional. This work symbolizes the resulting disillusionment of autonomy. More importantly, the novel becomes a violent indictment, a trial against independence.
Conclusion In this novel-like tragic (opening with a funeral scene and ends with the disappearance of the hero), one can read the image of a bruised Africa, marked by a phantom period transition was very much a time of disappointment. Africa is painted in the guise of a damage resistant of the dictatorship, with serious disorders caused by the time of independence. But fate is far from being discarded. And as Mpho refuses resignation, Africa faces the challenge of real independence.
The Suns of Independence is the perfect illustration of the social crisis that affects the Malinke group. The Malinke had a political and economic power across Horodougou until the arrival of French. The establishment of colonization with its corollaries lead to the ruin of Representatives Malinke. He therefore asked which of the former leaders.
The novel has autobiographical elements, a prince Kourouma Malinke not its origins, drew upon himself to create the character of Fama. It also looked like a lot to Fama and Balla, other authentic character of the novel. The elements of reality are very present in the text, and it adds historical elements.
I. Biography and bibliography
1. Presentation of the author
Ahmadou Kourouma was born in Ivory Coast to Boundiali in 1927 to a princely family of the ethnic Muslim Malinke. He spent part of his childhood in Guinea. At the age of 7 years, it is supported by his uncle who brought to the rural primary school. In 1947, he entered the entrance to the professional school of Bamako. In 1949, He was arrested as strike leader and sent to Cote d'Ivoire. He eliminates his stay and he was enlisted in the corps of riflemen for service three years. It is broken down a few months later, he went to France to continue his studies in 1955. It was at Lyons that his interest in literature and art of writing becomes clearer. Upon his return to Côte d'Ivoire, he began writing the novel that became The Suns of Independence he published in Montreal, Canada in 1968, and Seuil in Paris in 1970. He died in December 2003.
2. Bibliography After
The Suns of Independence, whose publication was rejected first in France, because French is corrupted by turns, the shortcomings of Negro speak. We wait almost twenty years to see publication in 1990 of Monné, contempt and challenges Editions du Seuil, where he painted the colonial period. In 1999, will appear Pending the vote of wild beasts which denounces didacteurs Africa, and in 2000 Allah is not obliged where he talks about the civil wars that gave birth to child soldiers. Kourouma is also the author of a play Tougnantigui in 1972.
II. Summary and composition of the work
1. Abstract
Fama, Malinke prince, and last descendant of the traditional chief of Doumbouya Horodougou, was not spared by the wind of independence, even because of his status. Accustomed to opulence, independence bequeathed to only legacy of indigence and misery, a national identity card and that the single party. Went to live with his wife Mpho far from the land of his ancestors, Fama seeking alms, will be obliged to survey the different funerals to ensure their daily lives. Although unable to give offspring to perpetuate the reign of Doumbouya, it will devote himself body and soul to small businesses in order to live his household. Excised and raped in her youth by the marabout Tiécoura fetish, she will keep forever the memories of his awful moments when she has suffered. Shortly after, the death of his cousin Lacina, Fama was to succeed to the throne of the capital Nikita Togobala. His return him to discover its history, the glory of his lineage and his legacy insignificant for a dynasty once rich, prosperous and respected. Unfortunately, independence disrupted everything, the system policy and leadership. Fama, however, decided to live in the Republic of Ebony with his second wife Mariam is the legacy of his cousin Lacina. Despite the advice of the healer and freed slave Balla, Fama set off for the Republic during political instability. Accused of plotting to assassinate the President and overthrow the regime, he was arrested and imprisoned before being tried. Sentenced to twenty years and released in full dignity of a free man died with Fama a dynasty and its history.
2. composition
The novel revolves around three parts. The first covers two chapters, the second and third in five. The articulation of the assembly is ensured by flashbacks, ellipses and anticipation, punctuated by real ages.
III. Characters
Fama : He is the hero of the story. He is very tall and very black. He has white teeth, and gestures of a prince. Although it is reduced to nothing, he remains faithful to the traditions of his tribe and continues to wear the costumes of yesteryear. In Malinke, his name means "king" or "chief." It is the last legitimate descendant of the prince of Horodougou. He became a beggar, a "scavenger" as they say, he who was raised in wealth. The sterility of his wife Mpho ends his hopes of an heir. This lonely old man and fallen will invoke the death will find in dignity.
Salimata : Mpho is a woman without limit in the goodness of heart. She has regular teeth, very white skin and ebony. It provokes the desire. The fact that her husband has another woman under one roof makes it hysterical. The past years have not weakened in its charm and beauty. It remains the right woman, pure courageous and beautiful. His life was turned upside down by her circumcision and rape. And she even escaped being raped a second time by another marabout Abdoulaye. Disappointed by the life she leaves her husband knowing that she could not bring peace to it.
Tiécoura : He is the healer in the box which Salimata fainted following the pain of circumcision, will be violated. Tiécoura marabout is a fetish, air frightening, disgusting and savage. He will remain in the imagination of Mpho. So she will refuse her first husband because of her "stank Bafi a Tiécoura stayed and warmed." His gaze looks than the savannah buffalo black hair braided and are loaded with amulets and attacked by a swarm of flies that cause nausea and horror. He has a wider nose, with nostrils separated by deep gullies. He wears earrings of copper and has a neck stuck in the shoulder by the shackles of witchcraft. Her lips are collected, pouting and her gait is unsteady.
Abdoulaye : It was a famous marabout, "Long before seen, Mpho had heard of marabou witch Hadj Abdoulaye. He will try to abuse it, and she later received a blow that will not forget.
Mariam: It does not appear much in the text. It is often referred to by other characters. Unconscious, irresponsible and acting reflexively especially at first, it is becoming more and more openly Fama and causes even forgetting grief. Fama's second wife, she is the cause of hysteria Salimata. She is beautiful, haunting, the perfect woman for the rest of the days of a man. In his lively eyes, we read the tenderness and temperament. She is more beautiful and attractive as Mpho. Despite his strong character, she still shows a small smile. But Fama in town, it will the first to abandon and desert and the marital home without any remorse. It's very light and a woman "she is lying like a toothless, she flies like a foo ..." said Diamourou.
Balla: the old freedman blind man is a big and fat. He always wears clothing hunter and is not hesitant. Swarms of flies revolve around his puffy face and into the hollow eyes and ears. Her hair braided and loaded charms give him an air of grotesque that does not lessen the fear that emanates from him. He compares himself to an old dog or a hyena alone. Is the character most committed to the traditions and history of his people. Indeed it was he who interprets dreams, foretold the future and indicates the steps to take in certain circumstances. Fama also warned it of his death should he return to the Republic.
Diamourou : the griot is one of the few characters to adapt to the subtleties of independence. He shares with long experience in Balla village.
IV. Themes
1. The town and village
The description of the city reflected the will leaves symbolically to contrast the condition of blacks and the whites. On one hand we have the opulence of the buildings in concrete, the other poverty boxes. The village of Togobala Fama is the place for survivals of customs and traditions, the place of memory and return to basics. But during this period of independence, the village offers no hope or prospect, as Fama prefer returning to town.
2. Infertility Infertility
is brushed into the text through the couple Salimata Fama, but this idea extends beyond the couple and the tribe, the country in the world Malinke. It symbolizes the unproductive and unable to assume responsibility and conservation of some species.
3. Traditions and beliefs
Night is presented as responsible for poverty, and men are attentive to the behavior of animals. Death is regarded as a passage into the invisible. The legal requirements are also discussed to humanism, fatherhood, solidarity, hospitality but also the duty of childbearing for both man and woman.
4. Religion
Religion Muslim and animist practices coexist, overlap when it comes to conjuring a curse or a favor to ask God or the occult powers of the beyond. This explains the presence of Balla and Tiécoura beside piles Diamourou and Fama. The synthesis is even done by Fama.
5. Excision
The test is difficult and painful at the base of all the sufferings of Mpho. In his description, the narrator tells both questions, meaning, atmosphere and personality of the one that operates without forgetting the traditional songs and lamentations of practitioners.
6. Independence
The novel tells the disappointment of the Malinke who find themselves with political prestige lost because of colonization. Thus the emergence of a new political class that rejects the traditional political class, is the son of the slave regime.
7. Bastardy
The idea of illegitimacy runs throughout the novel, is found in the final frenzy of Fama as the last insult. She takes this meaning varied which reduces to the idea of authenticity and legitimacy that Fama bears. Moreover, according to his embittered (unhappy) who does not understand that things are finite and they never return.
V. Style
By folding the French language requirements of thought and language structures Malinke, Kourouma gave his narrative vigor and striking relief. While some cried foul, others were attracted by the originality of the author. Therefore, it becomes appropriate to compare the story in the universe Malinke "I can not express Fama inside and then I tried to find Malinke style. I was thinking in Malinke, I put myself in the shoes of Fama to introduce the thing, "said Ahmadou Kourouma.
Indeed, the author has deliberately twisted the necks of the French language to better highlight his ideas. This explains the predominance of expressions typical Malinke in the work. And the number of metaphors, images and forms purely Malinke give the novel its local color and originality.
VI. Meaning of the work
The Suns of Independence connotes moral and physical decline, poverty, or disappointment data independence. Announced as the new world release period and pomp seen as the negation of an authentic world, traditional. This work symbolizes the resulting disillusionment of autonomy. More importantly, the novel becomes a violent indictment, a trial against independence.
Conclusion In this novel-like tragic (opening with a funeral scene and ends with the disappearance of the hero), one can read the image of a bruised Africa, marked by a phantom period transition was very much a time of disappointment. Africa is painted in the guise of a damage resistant of the dictatorship, with serious disorders caused by the time of independence. But fate is far from being discarded. And as Mpho refuses resignation, Africa faces the challenge of real independence.
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